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We previously reported that suramin pretreatment prevents the development of peritoneal fibrosis in a rat model of peritoneal fibrosis induced by chlorhexidine gluconate (CG). Here, we further examined the effectiveness of delayed administration of suramin on peritoneal fibrosis and the mechanism (s) involved in this process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the rat model of peritoneal fibrosis induced by CG, suramin or saline was administered at day 21 and 28. All rats were then sacrificed to collect peritoneal tissues for Western blot analysis and histological staining at day 35.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results demonstrated that delayed administration of suramin starting at 21\u2009days following CG injection can ameliorate peritoneal damage, with greater efficacy after two injections. Suramin also reduced the expression of \u03b1-smooth muscle actin, Collagen 1, and Fibronectin and suppressed phosphorylation of Smad-3, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), signal transducers, activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) as well as extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1\/2 (ERK 1\/2) in the peritoneum injured with CG. Moreover, delayed administration of suramin inhibited overproduction of transforming growth factor-\u03b21(TGF-\u03b21) and expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results indicated that suramin can attenuate progression of peritoneal fibrosis by a mechanism involving inhibition of the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad3 and EGFR signaling pathways as well as suppression of multiple proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, suramin may have the potential to offer an effective treatment for peritoneal fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1597-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T11:03:04Z","timestamp":1573729384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Delayed administration of suramin attenuates peritoneal fibrosis in rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Chongxiang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sairah","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hequn","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shougang","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1597_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742196","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/742196","volume":"2011","author":"AW Stavenuiter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stavenuiter AW, Farhat K, Schilte MN, Ter Wee PM, Beelen RH. 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