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Among indices of renal dysfunction under Cd burden measures are the urinary N-acetyl-\u03b2-D-glucosidase (UNAG) and urinary \u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -microglobulin (U\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -MG) enzymes. However, the end-pointed values and the Cd burden threshold remain controversial because the scopes fluctuate widely.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To ascertain the clinical benchmark dose of urinary Cd (UCd) burden for renal dysfunction, 1595 residents near a Cd site were surveyed. Urine was sampled and assayed. A benchmark dose low (BMDL) was obtained by fitting UCd levels and index levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that over 50% of the subjects were suffering from Cd exposure as their UCd levels far exceeded the national standard threshold of 5.000\u2009\u03bcg\/g creatinine (cr). Further analysis indicated that U\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -MG was more sensitive than UNAG for renal dysfunction. The BMDL for UCd was estimated as 3.486\u2009U\/g cr (male, where U is unit of enzyme) and 2.998\u2009U\/g cr (female) for UNAG. The BMDL for U\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -MG, which is released into urine from glomerulus after Cd exposure, was found to be 2.506\u2009\u03bcg\/g cr (male, where \u03bcg is the unit of microglobulin) and 2.236\u2009\u03bcg\/g cr (female).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      U\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -MG is recommended as the sensitivity index for renal dysfunction, with 2.2\u2009\u03bcg\/g cr as the threshold for clinical diagnosis. Our findings suggest that U\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -MG is the better biomarker for exposure to Cd.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02036-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,5]],"date-time":"2020-09-05T03:02:41Z","timestamp":1599274961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["An assessment of sensitivity biomarkers for urinary cadmium burden"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yuting","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Honggang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lishu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianglei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shen","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2036_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1265\/jjh.72.149","volume":"72","author":"A Keiko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keiko A. 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