{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:14:53Z","timestamp":1772165693672,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rainer Arhnold Senior House Officer\u2019s teaching support","award":["NOT APPLICABLE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NOT APPLICABLE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV infection affects multiple organs and the kidney is a common target making renal disease, one of the recognized complications. Microalbuminuria represents an early, important marker of kidney damage in several populations including HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy (ART) na\u00efve patients. Early detection of microalbuminuria is critical to slowing down progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in HIV-infected patients, however, the burden of microalbuminuria in HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy (ART) na\u00efve patients in Uganda is unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Mulago Immune suppression syndrome (ISS) clinic among adult HIV\u2009\u2212\u2009infected ART na\u00efve outpatients. Data on patient demographics, medical history was collected. Physical examination was performed to assess body mass index (BMI) and hypertension. A single spot morning urine sample from each participant was analysed for microalbuminuria using spectrophotometry and colorimetry. Microalbuminuria was defined by a urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) 30-299\u2009mg\/g and macroalbuminuria by a UACR &gt;\u2009300\u2009mg\/g. To assess the factors associated with microalbuminuria, chi-square, Fisher\u2019s exact test, quantile regression and logistic regression were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 185 adult participants were consecutively enrolled with median age and CD4+ counts of 33(IQR\u2009=\u200928\u201340) years and 428 (IQR\u2009=\u2009145\u2013689) cells\/\u03bcL respectively. The prevalence of microalbuminuria was 18.9% (95% CI, 14\u201325%). None of the participants had macroalbuminuria. CD4+ count &lt;350cells\/\u03bcL was associated with increased risk of microalbuminuria (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.12\u20130.59), P value\u2009=\u20090.001). Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, alcohol intake were not found to be significantly associated with microalbuminuria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microalbuminuria was highly prevalent in adult HIV\u2009\u2212\u2009infected ART naive patients especially those with low CD4+ count. There is need to study the effect of ART on microalbuminuria in adult HIV\u2009\u2212\u2009infected patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02091-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T07:03:27Z","timestamp":1603177407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevalence of microalbuminuria and associated factors among HIV \u2212 infected ART na\u00efve patients at Mulago hospital: a cross-sectional study in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9020-256X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Kiggundu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kalyesubula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Andia-Biraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyaviira","family":"Makanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Byakika-Kibwika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2091_CR1","volume-title":"Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2014","author":"UNAIDS J","year":"2014","unstructured":"UNAIDS J. 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