{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:35:41Z","timestamp":1790602541412,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004954","name":"Augustinus Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1000000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010078","name":"Region Midtjylland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["120000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010078","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is an important and common cause of acute renal failure. There are no generally accepted guidelines for the treatment of AIN, due to the lack of prospective randomized trials. Since AIN is characterized by an enhanced immune response, immunosuppressive treatment could potentially improve prognosis by attenuating inflammation and subsequent fibrosis. Despite the limited evidence of effects of steroids and potential adverse effects, prednisolone is frequently used in the treatment of AIN and there is a strong need for clinical trials on the effects of immunosuppression, including steroids, in the treatment of AIN. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of prednisolone treatment in AIN, and hypothesized a positive effect of prednisolone treatment on renal function in AIN.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study is a randomized, controlled, prospective, open label multicenter study, including incident adult patients with biopsy proven AIN. Patients will be randomized 1:1 to one of 2 treatment regimens:\n<jats:list list-type=\"order\">\n                  \n                    \n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>No prednisolone treatment (control group) and<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                  \n                  \n                    \n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>B) Oral prednisolone treatment staring with 60\u2009mg daily tapered over 8\u2009weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                  \n                <\/jats:list><\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>One hundred ten patients (55 in each group) are planned to be included and followed for 1\u2009year. Primary outcome is renal function estimated by eGFR 3\u2009months after inclusion. Secondary outcomes are renal function after 12\u2009months and need for renal replacement therapy and quality of life after 3 and 12\u2009months. In addition, with-in prednisolone group analysis are performed to estimate the importance of treatment delay. Exploratory analyses include analysis of biomarkers in urine and plasma and the evaluation of these biomarkers in relation to renal prognosis and re-evaluation of renal biopsies to identify possible renal prognostic factors.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Strengths and possible limitations in the design are evaluated. The study will provide important information on the effects of prednisolone treatment in AIN and as well as prognostic information relevant for future use of biomarkers and histology. Ultimately, this would lead to improved and evidence based clinical guidelines for the treatment of AIN.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov identifier <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04376216\">NCT04376216<\/jats:ext-link> (Retrospectively registered on May 6, 2020).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02372-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T12:20:51Z","timestamp":1620044451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Prednisolone treatment in acute interstitial nephritis (PRAISE) \u2013 protocol for the randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5830-5814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank H.","family":"Mose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Birn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolai","family":"Hoffmann-Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper N.","family":"Bech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2372_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000224227.70642.4F","volume":"34","author":"S Uchino","year":"2006","unstructured":"Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Bates S, Ronco C. An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1913\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.CCM.0000224227.70642.4F.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"2372_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006070756","volume":"18","author":"T Ali","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ali T, Khan I, Simpson W, Prescott G, Townend J, Smith W, et al. Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a comprehensive population-based study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:1292\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2006070756.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"2372_CR3","first-page":"221","volume":"70","author":"K Farrington","year":"1989","unstructured":"Farrington K, Levison DA, Greenwood RN, Cattell WR, Baker LR. Renal biopsy in patients with unexplained renal impairment and normal kidney size. Q J Med. 1989;70:221\u201333 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2602535. Accessed 30 Nov 2016.","journal-title":"Q J Med."},{"key":"2372_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(00)70196-X","volume":"35","author":"M Haas","year":"2000","unstructured":"Haas M, Spargo BH, Wit EJ, Meehan SM. Etiologies and outcome of acute renal insufficiency in older adults: a renal biopsy study of 259 cases. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35:433\u201347 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10692269. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"2372_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5414\/CN10838","volume":"82","author":"R Raghavan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raghavan R, Eknoyan G. Acute interstitial nephritis - a reappraisal and update. Clin Nephrol. 2014;82:149\u201362 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25079860. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol."},{"key":"2372_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh485","volume":"19","author":"MR Clarkson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Clarkson MR, Giblin L, O\u2019Connell FP, O\u2019Kelly P, Walshe JJ, Conlon P, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis: clinical features and response to corticosteroid therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:2778\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfh485.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"2372_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6193-9.10064-8","volume-title":"Brenner and Rector\u2019s The Kidney","author":"JY Yeun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yeun JY, Ornt DB, Depner TA. Brenner and Rector\u2019s The Kidney; 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6193-9.10064-8."},{"key":"2372_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/5.2.94","volume":"5","author":"JG Buysen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Buysen JG, Houthoff HJ, Krediet RT, Arisz L. Acute interstitial nephritis: a clinical and morphological study in 27 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1990;5:94\u20139 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2113219. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"2372_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.060002804.x","volume":"60","author":"J Rossert","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rossert J. Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int. 2001;60:804\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.060002804.x.","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"2372_CR10","first-page":"55","volume":"22","author":"H Kida","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kida H, Abe T, Tomosugi N, Koshino Y, Yokoyama H, Hattori N. Prediction of the long-term outcome in acute interstitial nephritis. Clin Nephrol. 1984;22:55\u201360 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/6478672. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol."},{"key":"2372_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3109\/08860229609052779","volume":"18","author":"SK Bhaumik","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bhaumik SK, Kher V, Arora P, Rai PK, Singhal M, Gupta A, et al. Evaluation of clinical and histological prognostic markers in drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Ren Fail. 1996;18:97\u2013104 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8820506. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.","journal-title":"Ren Fail."},{"key":"2372_CR12","first-page":"194","volume":"52","author":"CD Pusey","year":"1983","unstructured":"Pusey CD, Saltissi D, Bloodworth L, Rainford DJ, Christie JL. Drug associated acute interstitial nephritis: clinical and pathological features and the response to high dose steroid therapy. Q J Med. 1983;52:194\u2013211 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/6604293. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.","journal-title":"Q J Med."},{"key":"2372_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3109\/08860229309065575","volume":"15","author":"M Koselj","year":"1993","unstructured":"Koselj M, Kveder R, Bren AF, Rott T. Acute renal failure in patients with drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Ren Fail. 1993;15:69\u201372 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8441839. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.","journal-title":"Ren Fail."},{"key":"2372_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2012.01648.x","volume":"17","author":"MN Raza","year":"2012","unstructured":"Raza MN, Hadid M, Keen CE, Bingham C, Salmon AHJ. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, treatment with steroid and impact on renal outcomes. Nephrology (Carlton). 2012;17:748\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2012.01648.x.","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)."},{"key":"2372_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.89","volume":"77","author":"M Praga","year":"2010","unstructured":"Praga M, Gonz\u00e1lez E. Acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int. 2010;77:956\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2010.89.","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"2372_CR16","first-page":"97","volume":"66","author":"JS Cameron","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cameron JS. Allergic interstitial nephritis: clinical features and pathogenesis. Q J Med. 1988;66:97\u2013115 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3051085. Accessed 30 Nov 2016.","journal-title":"Q J Med."},{"key":"2372_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-1915-9","volume":"27","author":"T Ulinski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ulinski T, Sellier-Leclerc A-L, Tudorache E, Bensman A, Aoun B. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27:1051\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-011-1915-9.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol."},{"key":"2372_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joyce E, Glasner P, Ranganathan S, Swiatecka-Urban A. Tubulointerstitial nephritis: diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-016-3394-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3394-5"},{"key":"2372_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002776","volume":"73","author":"E Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez E, Guti\u00e9rrez E, Galeano C, Chevia C, de Sequera P, Bernis C, et al. Early steroid treatment improves the recovery of renal function in patients with drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int. 2008;73:940\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ki.5002776.","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"2372_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.114","volume":"10","author":"X-M Meng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meng X-M, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Lan HY. Inflammatory processes in renal fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10:493\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneph.2014.114.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol."},{"key":"2372_CR21","first-page":"S34","volume":"49","author":"JA Rossert","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rossert JA, Garrett LA. Regulation of type I collagen synthesis. Kidney Int Suppl. 1995;49:S34\u20138 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/7674590. Accessed 9 Jan 2017.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl."},{"key":"2372_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(13)71494-4","volume":"65","author":"B Zhu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhu B, Jin Y, Han L, Chen H, Zhong F, Wang W, et al. Proteasome inhibitor inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in renal interstitial fibroblasts. Pharmacol Rep. 2013;65:1357\u201365 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24399732. Accessed 7 Dec 2016.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep."},{"key":"2372_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2013.817279","volume":"35","author":"R-G Fu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fu R-G, Wu J-J, Xue R-L, Zhang T, Wang L, Wu X-L, et al. Premature senescence and cellular phenotype transformation of mesangial cells induced by TGF-B 1. Ren Fail. 2013;35:1142\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/0886022X.2013.817279.","journal-title":"Ren Fail."},{"key":"2372_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.7.2572","volume":"92","author":"N Sanderson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sanderson N, Factor V, Nagy P, Kopp J, Kondaiah P, Wakefield L, et al. Hepatic expression of mature transforming growth factor beta 1 in transgenic mice results in multiple tissue lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:2572\u20136 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/7708687. Accessed 9 Jan 2017.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2372_CR25","first-page":"991","volume":"74","author":"JB Kopp","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kopp JB, Factor VM, Mozes M, Nagy P, Sanderson N, B\u00f6ttinger EP, et al. Transgenic mice with increased plasma levels of TGF-beta 1 develop progressive renal disease. Lab Invest. 1996;74:991\u20131003 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8667617. Accessed 9 Jan 2017.","journal-title":"Lab Invest."},{"key":"2372_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2014.15","volume":"4","author":"MG Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong MG, Pollock CA. Biomarkers in kidney fibrosis: are they useful? Kidney Int Suppl. 2014;4:79\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/kisup.2014.15.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl."},{"key":"2372_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07630717","volume":"12","author":"DG Moledina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moledina DG, Perazella MA. Drug-Induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12:2046\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.07630717.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"2372_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(78)90793-3","volume":"65","author":"JE Galpin","year":"1978","unstructured":"Galpin JE, Shinaberger JH, Stanley TM, Blumenkrantz MJ, Bayer AS, Friedman GS, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis due to methicillin. Am J Med. 1978;65:756\u201365 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/707534. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"2372_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sfw116","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfw116","volume":"10","author":"M Prendecki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prendecki M, Tanna A, Salama AD, Tam FWK, Cairns T, Taube D, et al. Long-term outcome in biopsy-proven acute interstitial nephritis treated with steroids. Clin Kidney J. 2016;10:sfw116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfw116.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2372_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcu236","volume":"108","author":"A Valluri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valluri A, Hetherington L, Mcquarrie E, Fleming S, Kipgen D, Geddes CC, et al. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis in Scotland. QJM. 2015;108:527\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/hcu236.","journal-title":"QJM."},{"key":"2372_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.04.027","volume":"64","author":"AK Muriithi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muriithi AK, Leung N, Valeri AM, Cornell LD, Sethi S, Fidler ME, et al. Biopsy-Proven Acute Interstitial Nephritis, 1993\u20132011: A Case Series. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64:558\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.04.027.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"2372_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.294","volume":"87","author":"AK Muriithi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muriithi AK, Leung N, Valeri AM, Cornell LD, Sethi S, Fidler ME, et al. Clinical characteristics, causes and outcomes of acute interstitial nephritis in the elderly. Kidney Int. 2015;87:458\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2014.294.","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"2372_CR33","unstructured":"Prednisolone product summary. http:\/\/produktresume.dk\/AppBuilder\/search?q=Prednison+DAK%2C+tabletter+5+mg+og+25+mg.doc. Accessed Sept 2020."},{"key":"2372_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2021.41.1.1","volume":"41","author":"C Albert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Albert C, Haase M, Albert A, Zapf A, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Haase-Fielitz A. Biomarker-Guided Risk Assessment for Acute Kidney Injury: Time for Clinical Implementation? Ann Lab Med. 2021;41:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3343\/alm.2021.41.1.1.","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med."},{"key":"2372_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0973","volume":"55","author":"K Kashani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kashani K, Cheungpasitporn W, Ronco C. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury: the pathway from discovery to clinical adoption. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;55:1074\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2016-0973.","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med."},{"key":"2372_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.06.018","volume":"66","author":"J Ho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ho J, Tangri N, Komenda P, Kaushal A, Sood M, Brar R, et al. Urinary, Plasma, and Serum Biomarkers\u2019 Utility for Predicting Acute Kidney Injury Associated With Cardiac Surgery in Adults: A Meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66:993\u20131005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.06.018.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"2372_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mishra OP, Rai AK, Srivastava P, Pandey K, Abhinay A, Prasad R, et al. Predictive ability of urinary biomarkers for outcome in children with acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-016-3445-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3445-y"},{"key":"2372_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.07.020","volume":"54","author":"M Haase","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haase M, Bellomo R, Devarajan P, Schlattmann P, Haase-Fielitz A, NGAL Meta-analysis Investigator Group. Accuracy of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) in Diagnosis and Prognosis in Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54:1012\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.07.020.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2372_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1159\/000446451","volume":"43","author":"M Kimmel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kimmel M, Shi J, Wasser C, Biegger D, Alscher MD, Schanz MB. Urinary [TIMP-2]\u00b7[IGFBP7] - Novel Biomarkers to Predict Acute Kidney Injury. Am J Nephrol. 2016;43:375\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000446451.","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol."},{"key":"2372_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02370310","volume":"5","author":"Y Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu Y, Yang L, Su T, Wang C, Liu G, Li XM. Pathological Significance of a Panel of Urinary Biomarkers in Patients with Drug-Induced Tubulointerstitial Nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:1954\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.02370310.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2372_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2011.552152","volume":"33","author":"V Stefanovi\u0107","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stefanovi\u0107 V, Djukanovi\u0107 L, \u010cukuranovi\u0107 R, Bukvi\u0107 D, Le\u017eai\u0107 V, Mari\u0107 I, et al. Beta2-Microglobulin and Alpha1-Microglobulin as Markers of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy, a Worldwide Disease. Ren Fail. 2011;33:176\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/0886022X.2011.552152.","journal-title":"Ren Fail."},{"key":"2372_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-013-0242-9","volume":"14","author":"NR Robles","year":"2014","unstructured":"Robles NR, Lopez-Gomez J, Garcia-Pino G, Ferreira F, Alvarado R, Sanchez-Casado E, et al. Use of \u03b11-microglobulin for diagnosing chronic interstitial nephropathy. Clin Exp Med. 2014;14:315\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10238-013-0242-9.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med."},{"key":"2372_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2011.05.020","volume":"74","author":"I Pe\u0161i\u0107","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pe\u0161i\u0107 I, Stefanovi\u0107 V, M\u00fcller GA, M\u00fcller CA, Cukuranovi\u0107 R, Jahn O, et al. Identification and validation of six proteins as marker for endemic nephropathy. J Proteomics. 2011;74:1994\u20132007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jprot.2011.05.020.","journal-title":"J Proteomics."},{"key":"2372_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.4301","volume":"133","author":"YM Hettinga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hettinga YM, Scheerlinck LME, Lilien MR, Rothova A, de Boer JH. The Value of Measuring Urinary \u03b22-Microglobulin and Serum Creatinine for Detecting Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome in Young Patients With Uveitis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133:140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.4301.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"2372_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/kisup.2012.1.","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.1"},{"key":"2372_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.06.019","volume-title":"KDIGO 2020 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease","author":"K Disease","year":"2020","unstructured":"Disease K, Global Outcomes Diabetes Work Group I. KDIGO 2020 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease; 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2020.06.019."},{"key":"2372_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","volume":"150","author":"AS Levey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF, Feldman HI, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:604\u201312 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19414839. Accessed 3 Apr 2017.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"2372_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-6686.2002.tb00206.x","volume":"28","author":"I Terada","year":"2002","unstructured":"Terada I, Hyde C. The SF-36: An instrument for measuring quality of life in ESRD patients. EDTNA-ERCA J. 2002;28:73\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-6686.2002.tb00206.x.","journal-title":"EDTNA-ERCA J."},{"key":"2372_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6846.160","volume":"305","author":"JE Brazier","year":"1992","unstructured":"Brazier JE, Harper R, Jones NM, O\u2019Cathain A, Thomas KJ, Usherwood T, et al. Validating the SF-36 health survey questionnaire: new outcome measure for primary care. BMJ. 1992;305:160\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.305.6846.160.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"2372_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ketteler M, Block GA, Evenepoel P, Fukagawa M, Herzog CA, Mccann L, et al. Executive summary of the 2017 KDIGO Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) Guideline Update: what\u2019s changed and why it matters. Kidney Int. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2017.04.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.04.006"},{"key":"2372_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803537","volume":"382","author":"M Walsh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walsh M, Merkel PA, Peh C-A, Szpirt WM, Pu\u00e9chal X, Fujimoto S, et al. Plasma Exchange and Glucocorticoids in Severe ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:622\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1803537.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02372-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02372-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02372-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:06:24Z","timestamp":1626825984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02372-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02372-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study is approved by the local ethics committee (De Videnskabsetiske Komit\u00e9er for Region Midtjylland, Case number: 1\u201310-72-1008-17) and the Danish Health Authorities (EudraCT number: 2017\u2013000992-10, case number 2017043424). Written informed consent is obtained from all the participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors declare no conflicts of interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"161"}}