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The main objective of the current study is to evaluate the renal toxicity induced by AgNPs after repeated oral exposure and to determine the relevant molecular mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, 40 male Wistar rats were treated with solutions containing 30, 125, 300, and 700\u2009mg\/kg of AgNPs. After 28\u2009days of exposure, histopathological changes were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&amp;E), Masson\u2019s trichrome, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Apoptosis was quantified by TUNEL and immunohistochemistry of caspase-3, and the level of expression of the mRNAs of growth factors was determined using RT-PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Histopathologic examination revealed degenerative changes in the glomeruli, loss of tubular architecture, loss of brush border, and interrupted tubular basal laminae. These changes were more noticeable in groups treated with 30 and 125\u2009mg\/kg. The collagen intensity increased in the group treated with 30\u2009mg\/kg in both the cortex and the medulla. Apoptosis was much more evident in middle-dose groups (i.e., 125 and 300\u2009mg\/kg). The results of RT-PCR indicated that Bcl-2 and Bax mRNAs upregulated in the treated groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Moreover, the data related to EGF, TNF-\u03b1, and TGF-\u03b21 revealed that AgNPs induced significant changes in gene expression in the groups treated with 30 and 700\u2009mg\/kg compared to the control group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our observations showed that AgNPs played a critical role in\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      renal toxicity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02428-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T02:02:39Z","timestamp":1623981759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The potential renal toxicity of silver nanoparticles after repeated oral exposure and its underlying mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6952-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamed","family":"Nosrati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manijeh","family":"Hamzepoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4622-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Sohrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8910-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massoud","family":"Saidijam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5609-717X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Javad","family":"Assari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nooshin","family":"Shabab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Gholami Mahmoudian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4490-3204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zohreh","family":"Alizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2428_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-017-0157-5","volume":"8","author":"EK Hill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hill EK, Li J. 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