{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T20:59:41Z","timestamp":1793825981171,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Previous studies have shown an association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), but it is unclear whether the association is independent of metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data from 13,006 participants aged 18 to 74 years in the Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos (HCHS\/SOL) without viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol consumption, or high transferrin saturation levels were analyzed. Suspected NAFLD was defined as presence of sex-specific elevations in serum aminotransferase levels (aspartate aminotransferase (AST)\u2009&gt;\u200937 U\/L or alanine aminotransferase (ALT)\u2009&gt;\u200940 U\/L for men and AST or ALT\u2009&gt;\u200931 U\/L for women). Logistic regression was used to examine cross-sectional associations of elevated serum aminotransferase levels with low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR\u2009&lt;\u200960 ml\/min\/1.73 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> based on cystatin C), and with high urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) (&gt;\u200917\u00a0mg\/g in men and &gt;\u200925\u00a0mg\/ g in women) in separate models adjusting for demographic characteristics and metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mean (SD) age was 41 (0.27) years, and 45\u2009% were male. Elevated serum aminotransferase levels were noted in 18.8\u2009% of the population and were associated with greater odds of high UACR (OR\u2009=\u20091.31; 95\u2009% CI\u2009=\u20091.10, 1.56) after adjusting for demographic characteristics; this association became non-significant after adjustment for metabolic syndrome (OR\u2009=\u20091.11, 95\u2009% CI\u2009=\u20090.92, 1.33). In contrast, elevated serum aminotransferase levels were not associated with low eGFR (odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20090.73; 95\u2009% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20090.45, 1.18) after adjusting for covariates.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this sample of diverse U.S. Hispanic Latino adults, elevated serum aminotransferase levels were not independently associated with measures of CKD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02483-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T10:02:49Z","timestamp":1631008969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association of elevated serum aminotransferase levels with chronic kidney disease measures: hispanic community health study\/study of latinos"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Celestin","family":"Missikpode","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Cotler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Durazo-Arvizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Lash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Kallwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Kuniholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia E.","family":"Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Ricardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Talavera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leopoldo","family":"Raij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Pirzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha L.","family":"Daviglus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2483_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.03.020","volume":"9","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Younossi, Z. M., Stepanova, M., Afendy, M., Fang, Y., Younossi, Y., Mir, H., & Srishord, M. (2011). Changes in the prevalence of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the United States from 1988 to 2008. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 9(6), 524\u2013530.","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2483_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20466","volume":"40","author":"JD Browning","year":"2004","unstructured":"Browning, J. D., Szczepaniak, L. S., Dobbins, R., Nuremberg, P., Horton, J. D., Cohen, J. C., \u2026 Hobbs, H. H. (2004). Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology, 40(6), 1387\u20131395.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2483_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.09.041","volume":"16","author":"NE Rich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rich, N. E., Oji, S., Mufti, A. R., Browning, J. D., Parikh, N. D., Odewole, M., \u2026 Singal, A. G. (2018). Racial and ethnic disparities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence, severity, and outcomes in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 16(2), 198\u2013210.","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2483_CR4","first-page":"466","volume":"19","author":"CM Lora","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lora, C. M., Daviglus, M. L., Kusek, J. W., Porter, A., Ricardo, A. C., Go, A. S., & Lash, J. P. (2009). Chronic kidney disease in United States Hispanics: a growing public health problem. Ethnicity & disease, 19(4), 466.","journal-title":"Ethnicity & disease"},{"issue":"11","key":"2483_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015050570","volume":"27","author":"MJ Fischer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fischer MJ, Hsu JY, Lora CM, et al. CKD Progression and Mortality among Hispanics and Non-Hispanics. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(11):3488\u20133497. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2015050570.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2483_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02020215","volume":"10","author":"AC Ricardo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ricardo, A. C., Flessner, M. F., Eckfeldt, J. H., Eggers, P. W., Franceschini, N., Go, A. S., \u2026 Melamed, M. L. (2015). Prevalence and correlates of CKD in Hispanics\/Latinos in the United States. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 10(10), 1757\u20131766.","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2483_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1720-1","volume":"53","author":"G Targher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Targher, G., Bertolini, L., Chonchol, M., Rodella, S., Zoppini, G., Lippi, G., \u2026 Bonora, E. (2010). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is independently associated with an increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease and retinopathy in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetologia, 53(7), 1341\u20131348.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2483_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.11.022","volume":"57","author":"Y Chang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chang, Y., Ryu, S., Sung, E., Woo, H. Y., Oh, E., Cha, K., \u2026 Kim, W. S. (2008). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease predicts chronic kidney disease in nonhypertensive and nondiabetic Korean men. Metabolism, 57(4), 569\u2013576.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2483_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.11.003","volume":"79","author":"A Mantovani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mantovani, A., Zaza, G., Byrne, C. D., Lonardo, A., Zoppini, G., Bonora, E., & Targher, G. (2018). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease increases risk of incident chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism, 79, 64\u201376.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"2483_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1159\/000343885","volume":"36","author":"JC Sirota","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sirota, J. C., McFann, K., Targher, G., Chonchol, M., & Jalal, D. I. (2012). Association between nonalcoholic liver disease and chronic kidney disease: an ultrasound analysis from NHANES 1988\u20131994. American journal of nephrology, 36(5), 466\u2013471.","journal-title":"American journal of nephrology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2483_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2010.03.015","volume":"20","author":"PD Sorlie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sorlie, P. D., Avil\u00e9s-Santa, L. M., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Kaplan, R. C., Daviglus, M. L., Giachello, A. L., \u2026 LaVange, L. (2010). Design and implementation of the Hispanic community health study\/study of Latinos. Annals of epidemiology, 20(8), 629\u2013641.","journal-title":"Annals of epidemiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2483_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2010.05.006","volume":"20","author":"LM LaVange","year":"2010","unstructured":"LaVange, L. M., Kalsbeek, W. D., Sorlie, P. D., Avil\u00e9s-Santa, L. M., Kaplan, R. C., Barnhart, J., \u2026 Criqui, M. H. (2010). Sample design and cohort selection in the Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos. Annals of epidemiology, 20(8), 642\u2013649.","journal-title":"Annals of epidemiology"},{"key":"2483_CR13","unstructured":"National Institute for Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Accessed on April 12, 2020 (www.niaaa.nih.gov)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2483_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.08.037","volume":"13","author":"ER Kallwitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kallwitz ER, Daviglus ML, Allison MA, Emory KT, Zhao L, Kuniholm MH, Youngblood ME. Prevalence of suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Hispanic\/Latino individuals differs by heritage. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;13(3):569\u201376.","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2483_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-6-33","volume":"6","author":"G Bedogni","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bedogni, G., Bellentani, S., Miglioli, L., Masutti, F., Passalacqua, M., Castiglione, A., & Tiribelli, C. (2006). The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population. BMC gastroenterology, 6(1), 1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2483_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21178","volume":"43","author":"RK Sterling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N, Sola R, Correa MC, Montaner J, Nelson M. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV\/HCV coinfection. Hepatology. 2006;43(6):1317\u201325.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2483_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108358","volume":"167","author":"S Ciardullo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ciardullo, S., Sala, I., & Perseghin, G. (2020). Screening strategies for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes: Insights from NHANES 2005\u20132016. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 167, 108358.","journal-title":"Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"2483_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114248","volume":"367","author":"LA Inker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Inker LA, Schmid CH, Tighiouart H, Eckfeldt JH, Feldman HI, Greene T, Coresh J. Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367(1):20\u20139.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"2483_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.12.1114","volume":"155","author":"DR Jacobs Jr","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jacobs Jr, D. R., Murtaugh, M. A., Steffes, M., Yu, X., Roseman, J., & Goetz, F. C. (2002). Gender-and race-specific determination of albumin excretion rate using albumin-to-creatinine ratio in single, untimed urine specimens: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. American journal of epidemiology, 155(12), 1114\u20131119.","journal-title":"American journal of epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2483_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1341034","volume":"13","author":"HJ Mattix","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mattix, H. J., Hsu, C. Y., Shaykevich, S., & Curhan, G. (2002). Use of the albumin\/creatinine ratio to detect microalbuminuria: implications of sex and race. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 13(4), 1034\u20131039.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"},{"key":"2483_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.19.2560","volume":"289","author":"AV Chobanian","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chobanian, A. V. (2003). National heart, lung, and blood institute joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure; national high blood pressure education program coordinating committee: the seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. Jama, 289, 2560\u20132572.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"2483_CR22","first-page":"S13-S22","volume":"39","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2016","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. (2016). 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes care, 39(Supplement 1), S13-S22.","journal-title":"Diabetes care"},{"issue":"12","key":"2483_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp044370","volume":"353","author":"MD Ashen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ashen, M. D., & Blumenthal, R. S. (2005). Low HDL cholesterol levels. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(12), 1252\u20131260.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"2483_CR24","first-page":"ITC81-ITC96","volume":"167","author":"L Kopin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kopin, L., & Lowenstein, C. J. (2017). Dyslipidemia. Annals of internal medicine, 167(11), ITC81-ITC96.","journal-title":"Dyslipidemia. Annals of internal medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2483_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.1.57","volume":"23","author":"E Bonora","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bonora E, Targher G, Alberiche M, Bonadonna RC, Saggiani F, Zenere MB, Muggeo M. Homeostasis model assessment closely mirrors the glucose clamp technique in the assessment of insulin sensitivity: studies in subjects with various degrees of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes care. 2000;23(1):57\u201363.","journal-title":"Diabetes care"},{"issue":"12","key":"2483_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.257","volume":"40","author":"S Romeo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Romeo S, Kozlitina J, Xing C, Pertsemlidis A, Cox D, Pennacchio LA, Hobbs HH. Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nature genetics. 2008;40(12):1461\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature genetics"},{"issue":"25","key":"2483_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143","volume":"106","author":"National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)","year":"2002","unstructured":"National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). (2002). Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in Adults (Adult treatment Panel III). Third report of the National cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in Adults (Adult treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation, 106(25), 3143\u20133421.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2483_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11-S19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04639.x","volume":"22","author":"SH Caldwell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Caldwell, S. H., Ikura, Y., Iezzoni, J. C., & Liu, Z. (2007). Has natural selection in human populations produced two types of metabolic syndrome (with and without fatty liver)?. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 22, S11-S19.","journal-title":"Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2483_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0009","volume":"29","author":"N Stefan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stefan, N., Kantartzis, K., & H\u00e4ring, H. U. (2008). Causes and metabolic consequences of fatty liver. Endocrine reviews, 29(7), 939\u2013960.","journal-title":"Endocrine reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"2483_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2007.02.011","volume":"11","author":"J Edmison","year":"2007","unstructured":"Edmison, J., & McCullough, A. J. (2007). Pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: human data. Clinics in liver disease, 11(1), 75\u2013104.","journal-title":"Clinics in liver disease"},{"key":"2483_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuschwander-Tetri, B. A., & Caldwell, S. H. (2003). Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference. Hepatology, 37(5), 1202\u20131219.","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50193"},{"key":"2483_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciardullo S, Ballabeni C, Trevisan R, Perseghin G. Liver fibrosis assessed by transient elastography is independently associated with albuminuria in the general United States population. Dig Liver Dis. 2021;53:866\u201372.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.02.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"2483_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.09.020","volume":"68","author":"MW Yeung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yeung MW, Wong GLH, Choi KC, Luk AOY, Kwok R, Shu SST, Kong APS. Advanced liver fibrosis but not steatosis is independently associated with albuminuria in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of hepatology. 2018;68(1):147\u201356.","journal-title":"Journal of hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2483_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13860","volume":"45","author":"E Vilar-Gomez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vilar-Gomez E, Calzadilla-Bertot L, Friedman SL, Gra-Oramas B, Gonzalez-Fabian L, Villa-Jimenez O, Chalasani N. Improvement in liver histology due to lifestyle modification is independently associated with improved kidney function in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2017;45(2):332\u201344.","journal-title":"Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics"},{"issue":"43","key":"2483_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37085","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.290114","volume":"286","author":"Y Huang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Cohen, J. C., & Hobbs, H. H. (2011). Expression and characterization of a PNPLA3 protein isoform (I148M) associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286(43), 37085\u201337093.","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2483_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2009.066597","volume":"47","author":"B Kollerits","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kollerits B, Coassin S, Kiechl S, Hunt SC, Paulweber B, Willeit J, Kronenberg F. A common variant in the adiponutrin gene influences liver enzyme values. J Med Genetics. 2010;47(2):116\u20139.","journal-title":"J Med Genetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2483_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2008.09.012","volume":"83","author":"X Yuan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yuan X, Waterworth D, Perry JR, Lim N, Song K, Chambers JC, Bergmann S. Population-based genome-wide association studies reveal six loci influencing plasma levels of liver enzymes. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2008;83(4):520\u20138.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2483_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24283","volume":"53","author":"S Sookoian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sookoian, S., & Pirola, C. J. (2011). Meta-analysis of the influence of I148M variant of patatin\u2010like phospholipase domain containing 3 gene (PNPLA3) on the susceptibility and histological severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 53(6), 1883\u20131894.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2483_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Q, Qu HQ, Rentfro AR, Grove ML, Mirza S, Lu Y, ... & McCormick JB. PNPL A3 polymorphisms and liver aminotransferase levels in a Mexican American population. Clin Invest Med. Medecine clinique et experimentale. 2012;35(4):E237.","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v35i4.17153"},{"issue":"5","key":"2483_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26716","volume":"59","author":"HC Hong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hong HC, Hwang SY, Choi HY, Yoo HJ, Seo JA, Kim SG, Choi KM. Relationship between sarcopenia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study. Hepatology. 2014;59(5):1772\u20138.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2483_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.05.013","volume":"17","author":"LA Adams","year":"2007","unstructured":"Adams, L. A., & Lindor, K. D. (2007). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Annals of epidemiology, 17(11), 863\u2013869.","journal-title":"Annals of epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2483_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27395","volume":"61","author":"M Maximos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maximos M, Bril F, Portillo Sanchez P, Lomonaco R, Orsak B, Biernacki D, Cusi K. The role of liver fat and insulin resistance as determinants of plasma aminotransferase elevation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2015;61(1):153\u201360.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2483_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07486.x","volume":"98","author":"JM Clark","year":"2003","unstructured":"Clark, J. M., Brancati, F. L., & Diehl, A. M. (2003). The prevalence and etiology of elevated aminotransferase levels in the United States. The American journal of gastroenterology, 98(5), 960\u2013967.","journal-title":"The American journal of gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02483-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02483-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02483-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T10:04:50Z","timestamp":1631009090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02483-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02483-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos was a multicenter study carried out by the University of North Carolina, University of Miami, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Northwestern University, and San Diego State University. The institutional review board of each participating center approved the study, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Yes.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"302"}}