{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:11:51Z","timestamp":1792811511931,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV subjects have several kidney pathologies, like HIV-associated nephropathy or antiretroviral therapy injury, among others. The global prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is 8\u201316%; however, in HIV subjects, the prevalence varies between geographic regions (2\u201338%). The aim was to determine the prevalence of CKD and identify the associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A longitudinal descriptive study was carried out at the 'Hospital Civil de Guadalajara' Feb'18 \u2013 Jan'19. Basal clinical, demographic, opportunistic infections (OI), and laboratory data were obtained at months 0 and 3; inclusion criteria were\u2009\u2265\u200918\u00a0years old, na\u00efve HIV\u2009+\u2009, urine albumin\/creatinine ratio, serum creatinine &amp; urine test, and signed informed consent. Descriptive and multiple logistic regression statistical analyses were made.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred twenty subjects were included; 92.5% were male, 33\u2009\u00b1\u20099.5\u00a0years, 60% consumed tobacco, 73% alcohol, and 59% some type of drug. The CKD prevalence was 15.8%. CKD patients had a higher risk of hepatitis C virus coinfection, Relative Risk (RR):5.9; HCV infection, RR:4.3;\u2009\u2265\u200930\u00a0years old, RR:3.9; C clinical-stage, RR:3.5; CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009T cells count\u2009&lt;\u2009200 cells\/\u03bcL, RR: 2.4; and HIV-1 viral load\u2009\u2265\u2009100,000 cop\/mL, RR: 2.7.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study showed a higher CKD prevalence in patients with HIV; higher CKD development with coinfections as Hepatitis C Virus and\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The identification and prompt management of CKD and coinfections should be considered to avoid the progression and to delay renal replacement therapy as long as possible.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02526-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T09:06:16Z","timestamp":1632387976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in an HIV positive Mexican cohort"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Valdivia-Cerda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monserrat","family":"Alvarez-Zavala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo I.","family":"Cabrera-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vida V.","family":"Ruiz-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo D.","family":"Loza-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Lim\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime F.","family":"Andrade-Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz A.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2526_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"40","author":"A Bertoldi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bertoldi A, De Crignis E, Miserocchi A, Bon I, Musumeci G, Longo S, et al. 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The approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee from the University Hospital \"Fray Antonio Alcalde\" (register number: HCG\/CEI-211\/18). The study procedures were performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and all patients gave written informed consent before enrollment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for publication of their clinical details was obtained from the patients.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"317"}}