{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T09:09:13Z","timestamp":1780564153764,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), hypertension (HTN), or diabetes mellitus (DM) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The extent to which psychosocial factors are associated with increased CVD risk within these individuals is unclear. Black individuals experience a high degree of psychosocial stressors due to socioeconomic factors, environment, racism, and discrimination. We examined the association between psychosocial factors and risk of CVD events among Black men and women with CKD and CKD risk factors in the Jackson Heart Study.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We identified 1919 participants with prevalent CKD or CKD risk factors at baseline. We used rotated principal component analysis - a form of unsupervised machine learning that may identify constructs not intuitively identified by a person - to describe five groups of psychosocial components (including negative moods, religiosity, discrimination, negative outlooks, and negative coping resources) based on a battery of questionnaires. Multiple imputation by chained equation (MICE) was used to impute missing covariate data. Cox models were used to quantify the association between psychosocial components and incident CVD, defined as a fatal coronary heart disease event, myocardial infarction, cardiac procedure (angiography or revascularization procedure), or stroke. Of the 929 participants in the analysis, 67% were female, 28% were current\/former smokers with mean age of 56\u2009years and mean BMI of 33\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Over a median follow-up of 8\u2009years, 6% had an incident CVD event. In multivariable models, each standard deviation (SD) increase in the religiosity component was associated with an increased hazard for CVD event (hazard ratio [HR]\u2009=\u20091.52, 95% CI: 1.09\u20132.13).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Religiosity was associated with CVD among participants with prevalent CKD or CKD risk factors. Studies to better understand the mechanisms of this relationship are needed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02594-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T07:04:54Z","timestamp":1636614294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Psychosocial determinants of cardiovascular events among black Americans with chronic kidney disease or associated risk factors in the Jackson heart study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Nrupen A.","family":"Bhavsar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemontina A.","family":"Davenport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lexie Zidanyue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Peskoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia J.","family":"Scialla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasheeda K.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal C.","family":"Tyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Strigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Sims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Pendergast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley H.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Ebony","family":"Boulware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa J.","family":"Diamantidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2594_CR1","unstructured":"Saran R, Robinson B, Abbott KC, et al. US Renal Data System Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. AJKD, 2019;69(3 Suppl 1):A7\u2013A8."},{"key":"2594_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000095676.90936.80","volume":"108","author":"MJ Sarnak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association councils on kidney in cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure research, clinical cardiology, and epidemiology and prevention. Circulation. 2003;108:2154\u201369.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2594_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007070747","volume":"19","author":"R Mehrotra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mehrotra R, Kermah D, Fried L, Adler S, Norris K. Racial differences in mortality among those with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:1403\u201310.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2594_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144542","volume":"26","author":"SA Everson-Rose","year":"2005","unstructured":"Everson-Rose SA, Lewis TT. Psychosocial factors and cardiovascular diseases. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:469\u2013500.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2594_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S258","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300523","volume":"102","author":"M Sims","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sims M, Diez-Roux AV, Dudley A, et al. Perceived discrimination and hypertension among African Americans in the Jackson heart study. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(Suppl 2):S258\u201365.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2594_CR6","first-page":"800","volume":"11","author":"DR Williams","year":"2001","unstructured":"Williams DR, Neighbors H. Racism, discrimination and hypertension: evidence and needed research. Ethn Dis. 2001;11:800\u201316.","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"2594_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-009-9226-3","volume":"32","author":"DE Kendzor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kendzor DE, Businelle MS, Mazas CA, et al. Pathways between socioeconomic status and modifiable risk factors among African American smokers. J Behav Med. 2009;32:545\u201357.","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"2594_CR8","first-page":"330","volume":"19","author":"C Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee C, Ayers SL, Kronenfeld JJ. The association between perceived provider discrimination, healthcare utilization and health status in racial and ethnic minorities. Ethn Dis. 2009;19:330\u20137.","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"2594_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.11.044","volume":"53","author":"Y Chida","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chida Y, Steptoe A. The association of anger and hostility with future coronary heart disease: a meta-analytic review of prospective evidence. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:936\u201346.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2594_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/08870440802311322","volume":"25","author":"E Schnall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schnall E, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Swencionis C, et al. The relationship between religion and cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in the Women's Health Initiative observational study. Psychol Health. 2010;25:249\u201363.","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"2594_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.879973","volume":"121","author":"M Feinstein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Feinstein M, Liu K, Ning H, Fitchett G, Lloyd-Jones DM. Burden of cardiovascular risk factors, subclinical atherosclerosis, and incident cardiovascular events across dimensions of religiosity: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2010;121:659\u201366.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2594_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016059","volume":"135","author":"EA Pascoe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pascoe EA, Smart RL. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2009;135:531\u201354.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2594_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.10.805","volume":"54","author":"R Clark","year":"1999","unstructured":"Clark R, Anderson NB, Clark VR, Williams DR. Racism as a stressor for African Americans. A biopsychosocial model. Am Psychol. 1999;54:805\u201316.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"2594_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2012.713092","volume":"18","author":"LN Borrell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Borrell LN, Kiefe CI, Diez-Roux AV, Williams DR, Gordon-Larsen P. Racial discrimination, racial\/ethnic segregation, and health behaviors in the CARDIA study. Ethn Health. 2013;18:227\u201343.","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"2594_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08573-0","volume":"20","author":"M Sims","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sims M, Glover LSM, Gebreab SY, Spruill TM. Cumulative psychosocial factors are associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors and management among African Americans in the Jackson heart study. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:566.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2594_CR16","first-page":"S6","volume":"15","author":"SR Fuqua","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fuqua SR, Wyatt SB, Andrew ME, et al. Recruiting African-American research participation in the Jackson Heart Study: methods, response rates, and sample description. Ethn Dis. 2005;15:S6\u201318 29.","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"2594_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","volume":"150","author":"AS Levey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:604\u201312.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2594_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305","volume":"2","author":"DR Williams","year":"1997","unstructured":"Williams DR, Yan Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. J Health Psychol. 1997;2:335\u201351.","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"2594_CR19","first-page":"S6","volume":"15","author":"TJ Payne","year":"2005","unstructured":"Payne TJ, Wyatt SB, Mosley TH, et al. Sociocultural methods in the Jackson Heart Study: conceptual and descriptive overview. Ethn Dis. 2005;15:S6\u201338 48.","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"2594_CR20","volume-title":"Handbook of tests and measurements for black populations","author":"SA James","year":"1996","unstructured":"James SA. The John Henryism scale for active coping. In: Jones RL, editor. Handbook of tests and measurements for black populations. Hampton, VA: Cobb & Henry Publishers; 1996."},{"key":"2594_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2401_04","volume":"24","author":"LG Underwood","year":"2002","unstructured":"Underwood LG, Teresi JA. The daily spiritual experience scale: development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Ann Behav Med. 2002;24:22\u201333.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"2594_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198901000-00005","volume":"51","author":"JC Barefoot","year":"1989","unstructured":"Barefoot JC, Dodge KA, Peterson BL, Dahlstrom WG, Williams RB Jr. The cook-medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival. Psychosom Med. 1989;51:46\u201357.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"2594_CR23","volume-title":"Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory","author":"CD Spielberger","year":"1983","unstructured":"Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene R, Vagg PR, Jacobs GA. Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory: Consulting psychologists press; 1983."},{"key":"2594_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.01.006","volume":"30","author":"CS Carver","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carver CS, Scheier MF, Segerstrom SC. Optimism. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30:879\u201389.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2594_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/00003727-198811000-00008","volume":"11","author":"J Lubben","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lubben J. Assessing social networks among elderly populations. Fam Commun Health. 1988;11:42\u201352.","journal-title":"Fam Commun Health"},{"key":"2594_CR26","volume-title":"Psych: procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research. Northwestern University","author":"W Revelle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Revelle W. Psych: procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research. Northwestern University. Evanston, Illinois: CRAN; 2021."},{"key":"2594_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3370060305","volume":"6","author":"M Richman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Richman M. Rotation of principal components. Int J Climatol. 1986;6:293\u2013335.","journal-title":"Int J Climatol"},{"key":"2594_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Buuren S, Groothuis-Oudshoorn CGM. mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R. J Stat Softw. 2011;45(3). http:\/\/www.jstatsoft.org\/v45\/i03.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03"},{"key":"2594_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.09.020","volume":"52","author":"M Sims","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sims M, Lipford KJ, Patel N, Ford CD, Min YI, Wyatt SB. Psychosocial factors and behaviors in African Americans: the Jackson heart study. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52:S48\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2594_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.01.024","volume":"92","author":"SM Dunlay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dunlay SM, Lippmann SJ, Greiner MA, et al. Perceived discrimination and cardiovascular outcomes in older African Americans: insights from the Jackson heart study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92:699\u2013709.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2594_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474144","volume":"94","author":"JP Fine","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fine JP, Gray RJ. A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J Am Stat Assoc. 1999;94:496\u2013509.","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"2594_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M426","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/53A.6.M426","volume":"53","author":"HG Koenig","year":"1998","unstructured":"Koenig HG, George LK, Cohen HJ, Hays JC, Larson DB, Blazer DG. The relationship between religious activities and cigarette smoking in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1998;53:M426\u201334.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2594_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00038-7","volume":"54","author":"CJ Mansfield","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mansfield CJ, Mitchell J, King DE. The doctor as God's mechanic? Beliefs in the southeastern United States. Soc Sci Med. 2002;54:399\u2013409.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2594_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-017-0445-y","volume":"5","author":"AB Brenner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brenner AB, Diez-Roux AV, Gebreab SY, Schulz AJ, Sims M. The epidemiology of coping in African American adults in the Jackson heart study (JHS). J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2018;5:978\u201394.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"2594_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M370","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/54.7.M370","volume":"54","author":"HG Koenig","year":"1999","unstructured":"Koenig HG, Hays JC, Larson DB, et al. Does religious attendance prolong survival? A six-year follow-up study of 3,968 older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1999;54:M370\u20136.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2594_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2020.0129","volume":"31","author":"D Nair","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nair D, Cavanaugh KL, Wallston KA, et al. Religion, spirituality, and risk of end-stage kidney disease among adults of low socioeconomic status in the southeastern United States. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2020;31:1727\u201346.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"2594_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1177\/109019819802500603","volume":"25","author":"CG Ellison","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ellison CG, Levin JS. The religion-health connection: evidence, theory, and future directions. Health Educ Behav. 1998;25:700\u201320.","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"key":"2594_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2190\/2YBG-NL9T-EK7Y-F6A3","volume":"31","author":"HG Koenig","year":"2001","unstructured":"Koenig HG. Religion and medicine III: developing a theoretical model. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2001;31:199\u2013216.","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"2594_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.4.557","volume":"149","author":"DB Larson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Larson DB, Sherrill KA, Lyons JS, et al. Associations between dimensions of religious commitment and mental health reported in the American journal of psychiatry and archives of general psychiatry: 1978-1989. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:557\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2594_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464805278132","volume":"24","author":"LLKD Roff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roff LLKD, Parker M, Koenig HG, Sawyer-Baker P, Allman RM. Religiosity, smoking, exercise, and obesity among southern, community dwelling older adults. J Appl Gerontol. 2005;24:337\u201354.","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"key":"2594_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.6.957","volume":"87","author":"WJ Strawbridge","year":"1997","unstructured":"Strawbridge WJ, Cohen RD, Shema SJ, Kaplan GA. Frequent attendance at religious services and mortality over 28 years. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:957\u201361.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2594_CR42","volume-title":"The healing power of faith","author":"HG Koenig","year":"1999","unstructured":"Koenig HG. The healing power of faith. New York: Simon & Schuster; 1999."},{"issue":"5","key":"2594_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.2307\/2657355","volume":"62","author":"J Wilson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wilson J, Musick M. Who Cares? Toward an Integrated Theory of Volunteer Work. Am Sociol Rev. 1997;62(5):694\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2657355.","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev."},{"key":"2594_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-010-9373-4","volume":"50","author":"N Krause","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krause N. Religion and health: making sense of a disheveled literature. J Relig Health. 2011;50:20\u201335.","journal-title":"J Relig Health"},{"key":"2594_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/0021-8294.00082","volume":"40","author":"N Krause","year":"2001","unstructured":"Krause N, Ellison CG, Shaw BA, Marcum JP, Boardman JD. Church based social support and religious coping. J Sci Study Relig. 2001;40:637\u201356.","journal-title":"J Sci Study Relig."},{"key":"2594_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1","volume":"56","author":"KI Pargament","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pargament KI, Koenig HG, Perez LM. The many methods of religious coping: development and initial validation of the RCOPE. J Clin Psychol. 2000;56:519\u201343.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2594_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.58.1.36","volume":"58","author":"LH Powell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Powell LH, Shahabi L, Thoresen CE. Religion and spirituality. Linkages to physical health. Am Psychol. 2003;58:36\u201352.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"2594_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2301_10","volume":"23","author":"WJ Strawbridge","year":"2001","unstructured":"Strawbridge WJ, Shema SJ, Cohen RD, Kaplan GA. Religious attendance increases survival by improving and maintaining good health behaviors, mental health, and social relationships. Ann Behav Med. 2001;23:68\u201374.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"2594_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-012-9258-x","volume":"20","author":"BKPJ Thege","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thege BKPJ, Szekely A, Kopp MS. Relationship between religiosity and health: evidence from a post-communist country. Int J Behav Med. 2003;20:477\u201386.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med."},{"key":"2594_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01533291","volume":"26","author":"JS Levin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Levin JS, Schiller PL. Is there a religious factor in health? J Relig Health. 1987;26:9\u201336.","journal-title":"J Relig Health"},{"key":"2594_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(87)90039-6","volume":"25","author":"GK Jarvis","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jarvis GK, Northcott HC. Religion and differences in morbidity and mortality. Soc Sci Med. 1987;25:813\u201324.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2594_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000105766.33142.13","volume":"109","author":"KA Matthews","year":"2004","unstructured":"Matthews KA, Gump BB, Harris KF, Haney TL, Barefoot JC. Hostile behaviors predict cardiovascular mortality among men enrolled in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Circulation. 2004;109:66\u201370.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2594_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1161\/hs0102.101625","volume":"33","author":"JE Williams","year":"2002","unstructured":"Williams JE, Nieto FJ, Sanford CP, Couper DJ, Tyroler HA. The association between trait anger and incident stroke risk: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Stroke. 2002;33:13\u20139.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2594_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.09.019","volume":"58","author":"KD Sims","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sims KD, Sims M, Glover LM, Smit E, Odden MC. Perceived discrimination and trajectories of C-reactive protein: the Jackson heart study. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58:199\u2013207.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2594_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-018-0729-2","volume":"21","author":"FJ Webb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Webb FJ, Khubchandani J, Striley CW, Cottler LB. Black-white differences in willingness to participate and perceptions about Health Research: results from the population-based HealthStreet study. J Immigr Minor Health. 2019;21:299\u2013305.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"2594_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(03)00351-4","volume":"58","author":"J Siegrist","year":"2004","unstructured":"Siegrist J, Starke D, Chandola T, et al. The measurement of effort-reward imbalance at work: European comparisons. Soc Sci Med. 2004;58:1483\u201399.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2594_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.3.309","volume":"162","author":"KA Matthews","year":"2002","unstructured":"Matthews KA, Gump BB. Chronic work stress and marital dissolution increase risk of posttrial mortality in men from the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:309\u201315.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2594_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1074","volume":"42","author":"D Hubbard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hubbard D, Colantonio LD, Tanner RM, et al. Prediabetes and risk for cardiovascular disease by hypertension status in black adults: the Jackson heart study. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:2322\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2594_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.14306","volume":"308","author":"MM Safford","year":"2012","unstructured":"Safford MM, Brown TM, Muntner PM, et al. Association of race and sex with risk of incident acute coronary heart disease events. JAMA. 2012;308:1768\u201374.","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02594-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02594-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02594-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T07:09:04Z","timestamp":1636614544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02594-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02594-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The JHS protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson State University, and Tougaloo College, and all participants provided written informed consent. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"CJD reports consultancy with United Health Group. All other authors have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"375"}}