{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T19:13:18Z","timestamp":1788462798054,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Olfactory and gustatory changes may contribute to poor appetite and food aversion in chronic kidney disease (CKD), though the prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction is not known in the CKD population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional study among 3527 US adults aged \u226540\u2009years old in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2013 and 2014. We measured the prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction among patients with CKD defined as eGFR &lt;\u200960\u2009ml\/min\/1.73m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> using the \u201cscratch and sniff\u201d NHANES Pocket Smell Test and quinine whole-mouth test. We also examined the association between CKD and olfactory\/gustatory dysfunction, and nutritional markers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction was 30% among CKD and 15% among non-CKD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.001). The prevalence of gustatory dysfunction was 13% among CKD and 17% among non-CKD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.10). After adjusting for confounders, CKD was significantly associated with olfactory dysfunction (OR\u2009=\u20091.47, 95% CI [1.07, 2.01]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.02) but not gustatory dysfunction (OR\u2009=\u20091.76, 95%CI [0.99, 3.11]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.05). Among the CKD population, the odds of olfactory dysfunction was 72% higher for every 10\u2009kg decrease in grip strength (OR\u2009=\u20091.72, 95% CI [1.39, 2.13]; adjusted <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.005).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>CKD was associated with higher odds of olfactory but not gustatory dysfunction. Olfactory dysfunction was associated with lower grip strength among those with CKD. Screening and early intervening on olfactory dysfunction among CKD may preserve muscle strength and improve nutritional status in this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02659-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T13:02:55Z","timestamp":1642683775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The association between olfactory and gustatory dysfunction and chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Api","family":"Chewcharat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Phipps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khushboo","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahir","family":"Kalim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Allegretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan E.","family":"Sise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodor G.","family":"P\u0103unescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rituvanthikaa","family":"Seethapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagar U.","family":"Nigwekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2659_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefroe.2020.03.005","volume":"40","author":"ML Robles-Osorio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robles-Osorio ML, Corona R, Morales T, Sabath E. Chronic kidney disease and the olfactory system. Nefrolog\u00eda (Engl Ed). 2020;40(2):120\u20135.","journal-title":"Nefrolog\u00eda (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2659_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013246","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013246","volume":"6","author":"G Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu G, Zong G, Doty RL, Sun Q. Prevalence and risk factors of taste and smell impairment in a nationwide representative sample of the US population: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2016;6(11):e013246.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"2659_CR3","first-page":"852","volume":"88","author":"J Malaty","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malaty J, Malaty IA. Smell and taste disorders in primary care. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(12):852\u20139.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"1","key":"2659_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.3502","volume":"147","author":"JS Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi JS, Jang SS, Kim J, Hur K, Ference E, Wrobel B. Association between olfactory dysfunction and mortality in US adults. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;147(1):49\u201355.","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"2659_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107541","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107541","volume":"9","author":"JM Pinto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pinto JM, Wroblewski KE, Kern DW, Schumm LP, McClintock MK. Olfactory dysfunction predicts 5-year mortality in older adults. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e107541.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2659_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjt116","volume":"39","author":"K Solemdal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Solemdal K, M\u00f8inichen-Berstad C, Mowe M, Hummel T, Sandvik L. Impaired taste and increased mortality in acutely hospitalized older people. Chem Senses. 2014;39(3):263\u20139.","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"12","key":"2659_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3538","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm453","volume":"22","author":"AA Lopes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lopes AA, Elder SJ, Ginsberg N, Andreucci VE, Cruz JM, Fukuhara S, et al. Lack of appetite in haemodialysis patients--associations with patient characteristics, indicators of nutritional status and outcomes in the international DOPPS. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(12):3538\u201346.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"2659_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2010.09.003","volume":"21","author":"M Bossola","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bossola M, Luciani G, Rosa F, Tazza L. Appetite and gastrointestinal symptoms in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21(6):448\u201354.","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2659_CR9","first-page":"54","volume":"34","author":"D Konstantinova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Konstantinova D, Nenova-Nogalcheva A, Pancheva R, Alexandrova Y, Pechalova P. Taste disorders in patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease. G Ital Nefrol. 2017;34(3):54\u201360.","journal-title":"G Ital Nefrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2659_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016121308","volume":"28","author":"SU Nigwekar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nigwekar SU, Weiser JM, Kalim S, Xu D, Wibecan JL, Dougherty SM, et al. Characterization and correction of olfactory deficits in kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28(11):3395\u2013403.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2659_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.05.012","volume":"31","author":"A Tavares","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tavares A, Mafra D, Leal VO, Gama MDS, Vieira R, Brum I, et al. Zinc plasma status and sensory perception in nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients. J Ren Nutr. 2021;31(3):257\u201362.","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2659_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(84)90269-5","volume":"32","author":"RL Doty","year":"1984","unstructured":"Doty RL, Shaman P, Dann M. Development of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function. Physiol Behav. 1984;32(3):489\u2013502.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"2659_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s12078-015-9194-7","volume":"8","author":"S Rawal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rawal S, Hoffman HJ, Honda M, Huedo-Medina TB, Duffy VB. The taste and smell protocol in the 2011\u20132014 US National Health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES): test\u2013retest reliability and validity testing. Chemosens Percept. 2015;8(3):138\u201348.","journal-title":"Chemosens Percept"},{"issue":"1","key":"2659_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.02.033","volume":"82","author":"LM Bartoshuk","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bartoshuk LM, Duffy VB, Green BG, Hoffman HJ, Ko CW, Lucchina LA, et al. Valid across-group comparisons with labeled scales: the gLMS versus magnitude matching. Physiol Behav. 2004;82(1):109\u201314.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2659_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04103.x","volume":"1170","author":"KJ Cruickshanks","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cruickshanks KJ, Schubert CR, Snyder DJ, Bartoshuk LM, Huang GH, Klein BEK, et al. Measuring taste impairment in epidemiologic studies: the beaver dam offspring study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1170:543\u201352.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2659_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-0273","volume":"165","author":"D Murphy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murphy D, McCulloch CE, Lin F, Banerjee T, Bragg-Gresham JL, Eberhardt MS, et al. Trends in prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(7):473\u201381.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2659_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e207932","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.7932","volume":"3","author":"P Vart","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vart P, Powe NR, McCulloch CE, Saran R, Gillespie BW, Saydah S, et al. National Trends in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease among racial\/ethnic and socioeconomic status groups, 1988-2016. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(7):e207932.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"2659_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00001.x","volume":"60","author":"AX Garg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Garg AX, Blake PG, Clark WF, Clase CM, Haynes RB, Moist LM. Association between renal insufficiency and malnutrition in older adults: results from the NHANES III. Kidney Int. 2001;60(5):1867\u201374.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2659_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2000.19837","volume":"36","author":"O Heimb\u00fcrger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Heimb\u00fcrger O, Qureshi AR, Blaner WS, Berglund L, Stenvinkel P. Hand-grip muscle strength, lean body mass, and plasma proteins as markers of nutritional status in patients with chronic renal failure close to start of dialysis therapy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36(6):1213\u201325.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2659_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.03.003","volume":"33","author":"A Flood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Flood A, Chung A, Parker H, Kearns V, O'Sullivan TA. The use of hand grip strength as a predictor of nutrition status in hospital patients. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(1):106\u201314.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2659_CR21","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): Muscle strength procedures manual. Atlanta: Author; 2013. Retrieved from  https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/2013-2014\/manuals\/Muscle_Strength_2013.pdf."},{"issue":"5","key":"2659_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/194589240201600511","volume":"16","author":"JA Frasnelli","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frasnelli JA, Temmel AF, Quint C, Oberbauer R, Hummel T. Olfactory function in chronic renal failure. Am J Rhinol. 2002;16(5):275\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2659_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13621","volume":"19","author":"M Harita","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harita M, Miwa T, Shiga H, Yamada K, Sugiyama E, Okabe Y, et al. Association of olfactory impairment with indexes of sarcopenia and frailty in community-dwelling older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2019;19(5):384\u201391.","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2659_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2004.07.012","volume":"107","author":"R Brouns","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brouns R, De Deyn PP. Neurological complications in renal failure: a review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2004;107(1):1\u201316.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2659_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(78)90046-X","volume":"21","author":"SS Schiffman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Schiffman SS, Nash ML, Dackis C. Reduced olfactory discrimination in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Physiol Behav. 1978;21(2):239\u201342.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"2659_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.189","volume":"80","author":"BN Landis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Landis BN, Marangon N, Saudan P, Hugentobler M, Giger R, Martin PY, et al. Olfactory function improves following hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 2011;80(8):886\u201393.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2659_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812859106","volume":"106","author":"JL Pluznick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pluznick JL, Zou D-J, Zhang X, Yan Q, Rodriguez-Gil DJ, Eisner C, et al. Functional expression of the olfactory signaling system in the kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009;106(6):2059.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2659_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35215","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35215","volume":"6","author":"BD Shepard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shepard BD, Cheval L, Peterlin Z, Firestein S, Koepsell H, Doucet A, et al. A renal olfactory receptor aids in kidney glucose handling. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):35215.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2659_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F372","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00069.2018","volume":"316","author":"BD Shepard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shepard BD, Koepsell H, Pluznick JL. Renal olfactory receptor 1393 contributes to the progression of type 2 diabetes in a diet-induced obesity model. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2018;316(2):F372\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2659_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13411-015-0042-0","volume":"4","author":"C Spence","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spence C, Youssef J. Olfactory dining: designing for the dominant sense. Flavour. 2015;4(1):32.","journal-title":"Flavour"},{"issue":"9","key":"2659_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45395","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045395","volume":"7","author":"TG P\u0103unescu","year":"2012","unstructured":"P\u0103unescu TG, Rodriguez S, Benz E, McKee M, Tyszkowski R, Albers MW, et al. Loss of the V-ATPase B1 subunit isoform expressed in non-neuronal cells of the mouse olfactory epithelium impairs olfactory function. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45395.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2659_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F643","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00584.2009","volume":"298","author":"TG P\u0103unescu","year":"2010","unstructured":"P\u0103unescu TG, Ljubojevic M, Russo LM, Winter C, McLaughlin MM, Wagner CA, et al. cAMP stimulates apical V-ATPase accumulation, microvillar elongation, and proton extrusion in kidney collecting duct A-intercalated cells. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2010;298(3):F643\u201354.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"key":"2659_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.08.036","volume":"83","author":"EJ McMahon","year":"2014","unstructured":"McMahon EJ, Campbell KL, Bauer JD. Taste perception in kidney disease and relationship to dietary sodium intake. Appetite. 2014;83:236\u201341.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"11 Suppl 3","key":"2659_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182872e38","volume":"80","author":"SE Coldwell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coldwell SE, Mennella JA, Duffy VB, Pelchat ML, Griffith JW, Smutzer G, et al. Gustation assessment using the NIH toolbox. Neurology. 2013;80(11 Suppl 3):S20\u20134.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2659_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201611637","volume":"149","author":"P Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu P, Zhang C-H, Lifshitz LM, ZhuGe R. Extraoral bitter taste receptors in health and disease. J Gen Physiol. 2017;149(2):181\u201397.","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2659_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjg049","volume":"28","author":"CJ Ruiz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ruiz CJ, Wray K, Delay E, Margolskee RF, Kinnamon SC. Behavioral evidence for a role of \u03b1-Gustducin in glutamate taste. Chem Senses. 2003;28(7):573\u20139.","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"3","key":"2659_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00060-X","volume":"27","author":"ST Wong","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wong ST, Trinh K, Hacker B, Chan GCK, Lowe G, Gaggar A, et al. Disruption of the type III adenylyl Cyclase gene leads to peripheral and behavioral anosmia in transgenic mice. Neuron. 2000;27(3):487\u201397.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2659_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01673","volume":"9","author":"NM Dalesio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dalesio NM, Barreto Ortiz SF, Pluznick JL, Berkowitz DE. Olfactory, taste, and photo sensory receptors in non-sensory organs: it just makes sense. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1673.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2659_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(99)70035-1","volume":"88","author":"HS Kho","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kho HS, Lee SW, Chung SC, Kim YK. Oral manifestations and salivary flow rate, pH, and buffer capacity in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;88(3):316\u20139.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"3","key":"2659_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.154178","volume":"19","author":"BR Anuradha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anuradha BR, Katta S, Kode VS, Praveena C, Sathe N, Sandeep N, et al. Oral and salivary changes in patients with chronic kidney disease: a clinical and biochemical study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2015;19(3):297\u2013301.","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Periodontol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2659_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)08323-1","volume":"84","author":"JC Burge","year":"1984","unstructured":"Burge JC, Schemmel RA, Park HS, Greene JA 3rd. Taste acuity and zinc status in chronic renal disease. J Am Diet Assoc. 1984;84(10):1203\u20136 1209.","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2659_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000181974","volume":"26","author":"HJ Vreman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Vreman HJ, Venter C, Leegwater J, Oliver C, Weiner MW. Taste, smell and zinc metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephron. 1980;26(4):163\u201370.","journal-title":"Nephron"}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02659-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02659-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02659-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T02:04:31Z","timestamp":1666663471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02659-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02659-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Mount Auburn Hospital\/BIDMC institutional review board; the need for informed consent was waived due to the publicly available nature of the de-identified datasets in NHANES. Survey data of participants were collected from a public NHANES database. All methods were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Mount Auburn Hospital\/BIDMC institutional review board; the need for consent for publication was waived due to the publicly available nature of the de-identified datasets in NHANES.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"36"}}