{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T18:21:14Z","timestamp":1794507674026,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Large placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated kidney and cardiovascular clinical benefits of SGLT-2 inhibitors. Data from the EMPA-KIDNEY and DELIVER trials and associated meta-analyses triggered an update to the UK Kidney Association Clinical Practice Guideline on Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) Inhibition in Adults with Kidney Disease. We provide a summary of the full guideline and highlight the rationale for recent updates. The use of SGLT-2 inhibitors in people with specific medical conditions, including type 1 diabetes, kidney transplants, and people admitted to hospital with heart failure is also considered, along with Recommendations for future research and Recommendations for implementation. A full \u201clay\u201d summary of the guidelines is provided as an appendix to ensure that these guidelines are accessible and understandable to people who are not medical professionals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03339-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T06:02:29Z","timestamp":1698213749000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["UK Kidney Association Clinical Practice Guideline: Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) Inhibition in Adults with Kidney Disease 2023 UPDATE"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Alistair J.","family":"Roddick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexa","family":"Wonnacott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Staplin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Riding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Lioudaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apexa","family":"Kuverji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen El","family":"Kossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Holloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James O.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Herrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew H.","family":"Frankel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"3339_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","volume":"383","author":"HJL Heerspink","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heerspink HJL, Stef\u00e1nsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, Chertow GM, Greene T, Hou F-F, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1436\u201346.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"3339_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744","volume":"380","author":"V Perkovic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, Bompoint S, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(24):2295\u2013306.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3339_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204233","volume":"388","author":"EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group","year":"2022","unstructured":"EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group. Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2022;388(2):117\u201327.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10365","key":"3339_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02074-8","volume":"400","author":"Nuffield Department of Population Health Renal Studies Group and the SGLT2 inhibitor Meta-Analysis Cardio-Renal Trialists' Consortium","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nuffield Department of Population Health Renal Studies Group and the SGLT2 inhibitor Meta-Analysis Cardio-Renal Trialists\u2019 Consortium. Impact of diabetes on the effects of sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors on kidney outcomes: collaborative meta-analysis of large placebo-controlled trials. Lancet. 2022;400(10365):1788\u2013801.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"3339_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101163","volume":"41","author":"N Staplin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Staplin N, Roddick AJ, Emberson J, Reith C, Riding A, Wonnacott A, et al. Net effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibition in different patient groups: a meta-analysis of large placebo-controlled randomized trials. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;41:101163.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"10354","key":"3339_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01429-5","volume":"400","author":"M Vaduganathan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vaduganathan M, Docherty KF, Claggett BL, Jhund PS, de Boer RA, Hernandez AF, et al. SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure: a comprehensive meta-analysis of five randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2022;400(10354):757\u201367.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"3339_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206286","volume":"387","author":"SD Solomon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Claggett B, de Boer RA, DeMets D, Hernandez AF, et al. Dapagliflozin in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(12):1089\u201398.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3339_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCausland FR, Claggett BL, Vaduganathan M, Desai AS, Jhund P, de Boer RA, et al. Dapagliflozin and Kidney Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Prespecified Analysis of the DELIVER Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2023;8(1):56\u201365.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2022.4210"},{"issue":"4","key":"3339_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051685","volume":"143","author":"F Zannad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zannad F, Ferreira JP, Pocock SJ, Zeller C, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Cardiac and kidney benefits of Empagliflozin in heart failure across the spectrum of kidney function: insights from EMPEROR-Reduced. Circulation. 2021;143(4):310\u201321.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"3339_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050391","volume":"143","author":"PS Jhund","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jhund PS, Solomon SD, Docherty KF, Heerspink HJL, Anand IS, B\u00f6hm M, et al. Efficacy of Dapagliflozin on renal function and outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Circulation. 2021;143(4):298\u2013309.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"15","key":"3339_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190","volume":"383","author":"M Packer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Pocock SJ, Carson P, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with Empagliflozin in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1413\u201324.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"3339_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107038","volume":"385","author":"SD Anker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Ferreira JP, Bocchi E, B\u00f6hm M, et al. Empagliflozin in Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(16):1451\u201361.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"3339_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303","volume":"381","author":"JJV McMurray","year":"2019","unstructured":"McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, K\u00f8ber L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA, et al. Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(21):1995\u20132008.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3339_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030183","volume":"384","author":"DL Bhatt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Steg PG, Cannon CP, Leiter LA, McGuire DK, et al. Sotagliflozin in Patients with Diabetes and Recent Worsening Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(2):117\u201328.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3339_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030186","volume":"384","author":"DL Bhatt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Pitt B, Cannon CP, Leiter LA, McGuire DK, et al. Sotagliflozin in Patients with Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;384(2):129\u201339.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3339_CR16","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) https:\/\/kdigo.org\/guidelines\/ckd-evaluation-and-management\/ (Accessed 28th Dec 2020)."},{"issue":"2","key":"3339_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-2-200107170-00007","volume":"135","author":"TH Jafar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jafar TH, Schmid CH, Landa M, Giatras I, Toto R, Remuzzi G, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease. A meta-analysis of patient-level data. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(2):73\u201387.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"3339_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199311113292004","volume":"329","author":"EJ Lewis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The collaborative study group. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(20):1456\u201362.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"3339_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011303","volume":"345","author":"EJ Lewis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):851\u201360.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3339_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.246","volume":"86","author":"DZ Cherney","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cherney DZ, Perkins BA, Soleymanlou N, Xiao F, Zimpelmann J, Woerle HJ, et al. Sodium glucose cotransport-2 inhibition and intrarenal RAS activity in people with type 1 diabetes. Kidney Int. 2014;86(5):1057\u20138.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"3339_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30256-6","volume":"7","author":"BL Neuen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neuen BL, Young T, Heerspink HJL, Neal B, Perkovic V, Billot L, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for the prevention of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(11):845\u201354.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"20","key":"3339_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1303154","volume":"369","author":"LF Fried","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fried LF, Emanuele N, Zhang JH, Brophy M, Conner TA, Duckworth W, et al. Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(20):1892\u2013903.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3339_CR23","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic kidney disease in adults: assessment and management. London: NICE; 2014. p. CG182. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg182 (Accessed 02 June 2021)."},{"key":"3339_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.73","volume":"3","author":"KDIGO CKD Work Group","year":"2013","unstructured":"KDIGO CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:1\u2013150 (2013. p. 1-150).","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl."},{"issue":"2","key":"3339_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008030292","volume":"20","author":"EC Witte","year":"2009","unstructured":"Witte EC, Lambers Heerspink HJ, de Zeeuw D, Bakker SJ, de Jong PE, Gansevoort R. First morning voids are more reliable than spot urine samples to assess microalbuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(2):436\u201343.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"25","key":"3339_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198312223092503","volume":"309","author":"JM Ginsberg","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ginsberg JM, Chang BS, Matarese RA, Garella S. Use of single voided urine samples to estimate quantitative proteinuria. N Engl J Med. 1983;309(25):1543\u20136.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3339_CR27","unstructured":"UK Kidney Association. The UK eCKD Guide. https:\/\/renal.org\/health-professionals\/information-resources\/uk-eckd-guide\/proteinuria (Accessed 02 June 2021)."},{"issue":"2","key":"3339_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171106","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171106","volume":"12","author":"JI Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park JI, Baek H, Kim BR, Jung HH. Comparison of urine dipstick and albumin:creatinine ratio for chronic kidney disease screening: A population-based study. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0171106.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"3339_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.12.013","volume":"7","author":"M Provenzano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Provenzano M, Jongs N, Vart P, Stef\u00e1nsson BV, Chertow GM, Langkilde AM, et al. The kidney protective effects of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, Dapagliflozin, are present in patients with CKD treated with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Kidney Int Rep. 2022;7(3):436\u201343.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"issue":"15","key":"3339_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004967","volume":"383","author":"CP Cannon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cannon CP, Pratley R, Dagogo-Jack S, Mancuso J, Huyck S, Masiukiewicz U, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with Ertugliflozin in Type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1425\u201335.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"3339_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa183","volume":"41","author":"KF Docherty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Docherty KF, Jhund PS, Inzucchi SE, Kober L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin in DAPA-HF according to background heart failure therapy. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(25):2379\u201392.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"12","key":"3339_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.01.029","volume":"79","author":"JP Ferreira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferreira JP, Butler J, Zannad F, Filippatos G, Schueler E, Steubl D, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and Empagliflozin in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(12):1129\u201337.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3339_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.044","volume":"77","author":"JP Ferreira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferreira JP, Zannad F, Pocock SJ, Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al. Interplay of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and Empagliflozin in heart failure: EMPEROR-Reduced. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(11):1397\u2013407.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3339_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.11.009","volume":"9","author":"L Shen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shen L, Kristensen SL, Bengtsson O, Bohm M, de Boer RA, Docherty KF, et al. Dapagliflozin in HFrEF patients treated with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: an analysis of DAPA-HF. JACC Heart Fail. 2021;9(4):254\u201364.","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"3339_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30369-7","volume":"9","author":"DC Wheeler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wheeler DC, Stefansson BV, Jongs N, Chertow GM, Greene T, Hou FF, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin on major adverse kidney and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetic and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a prespecified analysis from the DAPA-CKD trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(1):22\u201331.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3339_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.4511","volume":"6","author":"DK McGuire","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGuire DK, Shih WJ, Cosentino F, Charbonnel B, Cherney DZI, Dagogo-Jack S, et al. Association of SGLT2 Inhibitors With Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(2):148\u201358.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"3339_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","volume":"373","author":"B Zinman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117\u201328.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"3339_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab094","volume":"42","author":"HJL Heerspink","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heerspink HJL, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m CD, Jongs N, Chertow GM, Kosiborod M, Hou FF, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin on mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: a pre-specified analysis from the DAPA-CKD randomized controlled trial. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(13):1216\u201327.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3339_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0828-y","volume":"18","author":"CMA Cefalo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cefalo CMA, Cinti F, Moffa S, Impronta F, Sorice GP, Mezza T, et al. Sotagliflozin, the first dual SGLT inhibitor: current outlook and perspectives. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):20.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3339_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01517.x","volume":"14","author":"R Grempler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grempler R, Thomas L, Eckhardt M, Himmelsbach F, Sauer A, Sharp DE, et al. Empagliflozin, a novel selective sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor: characterisation and comparison with other SGLT-2 inhibitors. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(1):83\u201390.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"3339_CR41","unstructured":"Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD) position statement on the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis associated with the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, 2016. http:\/\/www.diabetologists-abcd.org.uk\/Position_Papers\/ABCD_DKA_SGLT2.pdf (Accessed 15th December 2022)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3339_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.06.017","volume":"93","author":"DZI Cherney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cherney DZI, Cooper ME, Tikkanen I, Pfarr E, Johansen OE, Woerle HJ, et al. Pooled analysis of Phase III trials indicate contrasting influences of renal function on blood pressure, body weight, and HbA1c reductions with empagliflozin. Kidney Int. 2018;93(1):231\u201344.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"3339_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10180916","volume":"12","author":"S Petrykiv","year":"2017","unstructured":"Petrykiv S, Sjostrom CD, Greasley PJ, Xu J, Persson F, Heerspink HJL. Differential effects of Dapagliflozin on cardiovascular risk factors at varying degrees of renal function. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(5):751\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3339_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12785","volume":"19","author":"H Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang H, Cui W, Li D, Wang T, Zhang J, Zhai S, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in addition to insulin therapy for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19(1):142\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"3339_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e141","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0744","volume":"40","author":"SB Harris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harris SB, Mequanint S, Miller K, Reichert SM, Spaic T. When insulin therapy fails: the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(10):e141\u20132.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"3339_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1515920","volume":"375","author":"C Wanner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, von Eynatten M, Mattheus M, et al. Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):323\u201334.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"3339_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611925","volume":"377","author":"B Neal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, Erondu N, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):644\u201357.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3339_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.682","volume":"23","author":"AY Peleg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peleg AY, Weerarathna T, McCarthy JS, Davis TM. Common infections in diabetes: pathogenesis, management and relationship to glycaemic control. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007;23(1):3\u201313.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"3339_CR49","unstructured":"MHRA. SGLT2 inhibitors: reports of Fournier\u2019s gangrene (necrotising fasciitis of the genitalia or perineum). 2019. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/drug-safety-update\/sglt2-inhibitors-reports-of-fournier-s-gangrene-necrotising-fasciitis-of-the-genitalia-or-perineum. (Accessed 15th Dec 2022)"},{"key":"3339_CR50","unstructured":"Napp Pharmaceutical Limited, 15 Nov 2013. Summary of Product Characteristics - Invokana (Canagliflozin). [Online]. Updated: 07 Dec 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/8855\/smpc (Accessed 15th Dec 2022)."},{"key":"3339_CR51","unstructured":"AstraZeneca, 12 Nov 2012. Summary of Product Characteristics - Forxiga (Dapagliflozin). (Online). Updated: 09 Dec 2022. Available at: https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/7607\/smpc (Accessed 15th Dec 2022)."},{"key":"3339_CR52","unstructured":"Boehringer Ingelheim, 22 May 2014. Summary of Product Characteristics - Jardiance (Empagliflozin). (Online). Updated 04 Nov 2022. Available at: https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/5441\/smpc. Accessed 15 Dec 2022."},{"key":"3339_CR53","unstructured":"Merck Sharp & Dohme (UK) Limited, 01 Jan 2021. Summary of Product Characteristics \u2013 Steglatro (Ertugliflozin). (Online) Updated 13 April 2022. Available at: https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/10099\/smpc (Accessed 15th Dec 2022)."},{"issue":"24","key":"3339_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1708337","volume":"377","author":"SK Garg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garg SK, Henry RR, Banks P, Buse JB, Davies MJ, Fulcher GR, et al. Effects of Sotagliflozin added to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(24):2337\u201348.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3339_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1713","volume":"22","author":"K Damman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Damman K, Beusekamp JC, Boorsma EM, Swart HP, Smilde TDJ, Elvan A, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre pilot study on the effects of empagliflozin on clinical outcomes in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (EMPA-RESPONSE-AHF). Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(4):713\u201322.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"3339_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602251","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.602251","volume":"7","author":"A Ibrahim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ibrahim A, Ghaleb R, Mansour H, Hanafy A, Mahmoud NM, Abdelfatah Elsharef M, et al. Safety and efficacy of adding Dapagliflozin to furosemide in type 2 diabetic patients with decompensated heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:602251.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3339_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059038","volume":"146","author":"PC Schulze","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schulze PC, Bogoviku J, Westphal J, Aftanski P, Haertel F, Grund S, et al. Effects of Early Empagliflozin Initiation on Diuresis and Kidney Function in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (EMPAG-HF). Circulation. 2022;146(4):289\u201398.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"3339_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007048","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007048","volume":"14","author":"S Tamaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamaki S, Yamada T, Watanabe T, Morita T, Furukawa Y, Kawasaki M, et al. Effect of Empagliflozin as an add-on therapy on decongestion and renal function in patients with diabetes hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. Circ Heart Failure. 2021;14(3):e007048.","journal-title":"Circ Heart Failure"},{"issue":"4","key":"3339_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13955","volume":"9","author":"K Thiele","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thiele K, Rau M, Hartmann NUK, M\u00f6ller M, M\u00f6llmann J, Jankowski J, et al. Empagliflozin reduces markers of acute kidney injury in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. ESC Heart Failure. 2022;9(4):2233\u20138.","journal-title":"ESC Heart Failure"},{"issue":"3","key":"3339_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01659-1","volume":"28","author":"AA Voors","year":"2022","unstructured":"Voors AA, Angermann CE, Teerlink JR, Collins SP, Kosiborod M, Biegus J, et al. The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: a multinational randomized trial. Nat Med. 2022;28(3):568\u201374.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3339_CR61","unstructured":"Dapagliflozin and Effect on Cardiovascular Events in Acute Heart Failure -Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 68 (DAPA ACT HF-TIMI 68): Clinicaltrials.gov; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04363697."}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-023-03339-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-023-03339-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-023-03339-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T20:13:59Z","timestamp":1700424839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12882-023-03339-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-023-03339-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"SB reports honoraria for lectures, presentations and speaker bureaus from Astra Zeneca. JOB reports a leadership position as chair of the UK Kidney Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee and reports honoraria for speaker bureaus from AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim and NAPP. CC reports support from North East London Integrated Care Board, Clinical Effectiveness Group, Queen Mary University of London, and National Institute of Health Research, and reports a grant or contract from the NIHR School of Primary Care Research. MEK reports participation on advisory boards for GlaxoSmithKline and Astella. AHF reports an institutional grant from Boehringer-Ingelheim for participation in the EMPA-KIDNEY study, honoraria or personal fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim and AstraZeneca, support for attending meetings from AstraZeneca, and participation in advisory boards for Boehringer-Ingelheim and AstraZeneca. DF reports unpaid leadership roles with the American Society of Nephrology Education Committee, EuroPD management board, and the International Society of Peritoneal Dialysis Programme Committee. MH reports honoraria from AstraZeneca and UK Renal Pharmacy Group. PH reports a personal grant from Roche Diagnostics, honoraria or personal fees from AstraZeneca, NovoNordisk and Boehringer-Ingelheim, and participation in data safety monitoring board or advisory boards for Abbott, AstraZeneca, and Bayer. AJR, WGH and NS report institutional grant funding from Boehringer-Ingelheim and Eli Lilly. NS additionally reports institutional grant funding from NovoNordisk. WGH additionally reports funding from the UK Medical Research Council\u2013Kidney Research UK Professor David Kerr Clinician Scientist Award. AWa reports honoraria and support for travel expenses from GlaxoSmithKline. DW reports honoraria from ABCD and Sanofi Aventis and reports participation in a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for the BARI 2 study. AWo reports honoraria from Bayer and AstraZeneca and participant in advisory board for Bayer. AK, EL, MAW, and AR have no competing interests to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"310"}}