{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T04:56:59Z","timestamp":1783918619831,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002352","name":"Ain Shams University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Infection after a kidney transplant is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality. Weighing the risks and benefits of immunosuppression is of paramount importance for patient wellbeing and transplant survival.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is a prospective observational study exploring the variety of bacterial, viral and fungal infections occurring within the first year of living related kidney transplantation in a young transplant cohort. Fifty-one kidney transplant recipients <jats:italic>(KTR)<\/jats:italic> between the age of 18 and 45 who had a kidney transplant between Jan 2020 and Jan 2022 were enrolled and followed up for one year. Primary outcome was the occurrence of infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twenty-four patients (47%) recorded a collective 33 episodes of infection. Seven patients had repeated infections and 17 had single infections. Twenty-seven patients had an uneventful year with no infections recorded. Commonest infection was lower urinary tract infection (UTI) (27.3%) followed by SARS-COV2 and Herpes Zoster (15.2%). The commonest pathogens causing lower UTI were Escherichia coli (E coli) (21.2%) and Klebsiella (18.2%). Median Tacrolimus level was (7.8) ng\/ml in <jats:italic>KTR<\/jats:italic> with infection and (8.95) ng\/ml in <jats:italic>KTR<\/jats:italic> without infection, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.21. Median Haemoglobin (IQR) was (10.2) g\/dl (7.8\u201314) gm\/dl in <jats:italic>KTR<\/jats:italic> with infection compared to (10.8) g\/dl (7.3\u201315.3) in <jats:italic>KTR<\/jats:italic> without infection odds ratio <jats:italic>(OR)<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.78, confidence interval <jats:italic>(CI)<\/jats:italic> (0.5\u20131.1); <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.16.In <jats:italic>KTR<\/jats:italic> with infection 25% had donors above the age of 60 compared to 11% in <jats:italic>KTR<\/jats:italic> without infection ( OR 2.6,CI (0.5\u201312), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.2). Post transplant diabetes <jats:italic>(PTDM<\/jats:italic>) occurred in (25%) in <jats:italic>KTR<\/jats:italic> with infection compared to those without, but that was not statistically significant p\u2009=\u20090. 365.In <jats:italic>KTR<\/jats:italic> without infection, 59.3% had a preemptive transplant compared to 20.8% in the group with infection (OR\u2009=\u20090.18; 95% CI: 0.052\u20130.631; p\u2009=\u20090.007). Median tacrolimus was 7.8 ng\/ml in <jats:italic>KTR<\/jats:italic> with single infection compared to 7.7 ng\/ml in <jats:italic>KTR<\/jats:italic> with repeated infections.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study shows that the commonest infection occurring in the first-year post kidney transplant was lower urinary tract infection followed by SARS-COV2 and Herpes Zoster. There was no difference in trough tacrolimus or haemoglobin levels between <jats:italic>KTR<\/jats:italic> who developed infection with those who did not.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03379-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T21:43:08Z","timestamp":1699393388000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Infections in the first year of living related kidney transplantation in a young transplant cohort"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Lamis","family":"Khedr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahla","family":"Teama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdy","family":"El Sharkawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"3379_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2010.01.005","volume":"24","author":"JA Fishman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fishman JA, Issa NC. Infection in organ transplantation: risk factors and evolving patterns of infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010;24:273.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"3379_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14208","volume":"17","author":"J Fishman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fishman J. Infection in organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2017;17:856\u201379.","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"3379_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2004.08.014","volume":"16","author":"LK Selin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Selin LK, Cornberg M, Brehm MA, et al. CD8 memory T cells: cross-reactivity and heterologous immunity. Semin Immunol. 2004;16:335\u201347.","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"3379_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-8239-jbn-3865","volume":"40","author":"P Ruppel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruppel P, Felipe CR, Medina-Pestana JO, et al. The influence of clinical, environmental, and socioeconomic factors on five-year patient survival after kidney transplantation. J Bras Nefrol. 2018;40:151\u201361.","journal-title":"J Bras Nefrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3379_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2014.3","volume":"3","author":"M Fern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz M, Kumar D, Humar A. Clinical immune-monitoring strategies for predicting infection risk in solid organ transplantation. Clin Transl Immunology. 2014;3(2): e12.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3379_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13516","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13516","volume":"33","author":"M Hemmersbach-Miller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hemmersbach-Miller M, Alexander BD. lexander Infections after kidney transplantation. Does age matter? Clin Transplant. 2019;33(4):e13516.","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"3379_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27538","volume":"94","author":"J Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang J, Wu Y, Wang M, et al. The global disease burden of varicella-zoster virus infection from 1990 to 2019. J Med Virol. 2022;94:2736\u201346.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"3379_CR8","unstructured":"Burak Sayin, Turan Colak, Emre Tutal, and Siren Sezer. Comparison of preemptive kidney transplant recipients with nonpreemptive kidney recipients in single centre: 5 years of follow-up."},{"key":"3379_CR9","unstructured":"Reshma Rana Magar, Simon Knight, Jelena Stojanovic, Stephen D. Mark, Jeffrey A. Lafranca, Samuel Turner, Frank J. M. F. Dor, Liset H. M. Pengel. Is Preemptive Kidney Transplantation Associated With Improved Outcomes when Compared to Non-preemptive Kidney Transplantation in Children? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis."},{"key":"3379_CR10","unstructured":"Prezelin-Reydit, Mathilde MD1; Madden, Iona MD2; Macher, Marie-Alice MD3,4; Salomon, R\u00e9mi MD, PhD5; Sellier-Leclerc, Anne-Laure MD6; Roussey, Gwenaelle MD7; Lahoche, Annie MD8; Garaix, Florentine MD9; Decramer, St\u00e9phane MD, PhD10; Ulinski, Tim MD, PhD11; Fila, Marc MD12; Dunand, Olivier MD13; Merieau, Elodie MD14; Pongas, Marios MD15; Zaloszyc, Ariane MD, PhD16; Baudouin, V\u00e9ronique MD3; B\u00e9rard, Etienne MD17; Couchoud, C\u00e9cile MD, PhD4; Leffondr\u00e9, Karen PhD1,18; Harambat, J\u00e9r\u00f4me MD, PhD1,2,18.\u00a0Preemptive Kidney Transplantation Is Associated With Transplantation Outcomes in Children: Results From the French Kidney Replacement Therapy Registry. Transplantation 106(2):p 401\u2013411, February 2022."},{"key":"3379_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.12659\/AOT.895104","volume":"21","author":"JM Arreola-Guerra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arreola-Guerra JM, Serrano M, Morales-Buenrostro LE, et al. Tacrolimus trough levels as a risk factor for acute rejection in renal transplant patients. Ann Transplant. 2016;21:105\u201314.","journal-title":"Ann Transplant"},{"key":"3379_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2017.02.011","volume":"49","author":"S Akt\u00fcrk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akt\u00fcrk S, Erdogmus S, Kumru G, et al. Average tacrolimus trough level in the first month after transplantation may predict acute rejection. Transplant Proc. 2017;49:430\u20135.","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"3379_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun-Xia Chen, MD, Ran Li, BM, Li Gu, MD\u2217 , Kai-Yi Xu, MD, Yong-Zhe Liu, MD, Ren-Wen Zhang, MD Risk factors and aetiology of repeat infection in kidney transplant recipients.Medicine.98.e17312.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017312"},{"issue":"6","key":"3379_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1086\/597089","volume":"48","author":"NC Issa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Issa NC, Fishman JA, Snydman DR. Infectious complications of antilymphocyte therapies in solid organ transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(6):772\u201386.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-023-03379-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-023-03379-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-023-03379-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T21:43:55Z","timestamp":1699393435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12882-023-03379-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-023-03379-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of Ain Shams University Research Committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine Research Ethics Committee (REC) FWA 000017585 has approved the study protocol. All patients assigned signed an informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declared no conflict of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"328"}}