{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T18:57:02Z","timestamp":1767034622843},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The commonest indication for hospitalization in COVID-19 patients is hypoxemia or severe respiratory symptoms. However, COVID-19 disease may result in extrapulmonary complications including kidney-related pathology. The reported incidence of renal involvement related to COVID infection varies based on geographical location.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aimed to assess the incidence rate of AKI in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and identify risk factors and prognostic predictors.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this retrospective study, we recruited hospitalized COVID-19 patients from January 2021 until June 2021 at the University Malaya Medical Center. The inclusion criteria were hospitalized for\u2009\u2265\u200948\u00a0h with confirmed COVID-19 infection and at least 18\u00a0years old. Patient demographic and clinical data were collected from electronic medical records. The staging of AKI was based on criteria as per KDIGO guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>One thousand five hundred twenty-nine\u00a0COVID patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria with a male-to-female ratio of 759 (49.6%) to 770 (50.3%). The median age was 55 (IQR: 36\u201366). 500 patients (32.7%) had diabetes, 621 (40.6%) had hypertension, and 5.6% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200985) had pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD). The incidence rate of AKI was 21.1% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009323). The percentage of COVID patients in different AKI stages of 1,2 and 3 were 16.3%, 2.1%, and 2.7%, respectively. Fifteen hospitalized patients (0.98%) required renal replacement therapy. 58.8% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009190) of AKI group had complete recovery of kidney function.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Demographic factors included age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), diabetes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), hypertension (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.012), CKD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and vaccination status (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042) were associated with an increased risk of developing AKI. We found that the AKI cohort had statistically significant lower platelet counts and higher ferritin levels than the non-AKI cohort. AKI is a risk predictor of prolonged hospitalization (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and higher mortality rates (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>AKI is a common clinical complication among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The etiology of AKI is multifactorial and may have an adverse impact on patient morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03498-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T12:02:15Z","timestamp":1712318535000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with AKI in a setting of multiracial developing country"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"S. 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