{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T18:53:49Z","timestamp":1784228029442,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Previous observational studies have reported that systemic inflammatory regulators are related to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, whether these associations are causal remains unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the potential causal relationships between systemic inflammatory regulators and CKD and kidney function.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We performed bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to infer the underlying causal associations between 41 systemic inflammatory regulators and CKD and kidney function. The inverse-variance weighting (IVW) test was used as the primary analysis method. In addition, sensitivity analyses were executed via the Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) test and the weighted median test.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The findings revealed 12 suggestive associations between 11 genetically predicted systemic inflammatory regulators and CKD or kidney function in the forward analyses, including 4 for CKD, 3 for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 4 for eGFRcrea and 1 for eGFRcys. In the other direction, we identified 6 significant causal associations, including CKD with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF) (IVW \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.145; 95% CI, 0.042 to 0.248; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006), CKD with stem cell factor (SCF) (IVW \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.228; 95% CI, 0.133 to 0.323; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.40\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u2212\u20096<\/jats:sup>), eGFRcrea with SCF (IVW \u03b2 =-2.90; 95% CI, -3.934 to -1.867; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093.76\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u2212\u20098<\/jats:sup>), eGFRcys with GCSF (IVW \u03b2 =-1.382; 95% CI, -2.404 to -0.361; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008), eGFRcys with interferon gamma (IFNg) (IVW \u03b2 =-1.339; 95% CI, -2.313 to -0.366; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007) and eGFRcys with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (IVW \u03b2 =-1.709; 95% CI, -2.720 to -0.699; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099.13\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u2212\u20094<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings support causal links between systemic inflammatory regulators and CKD or kidney function both in the forward and reverse MR analyses.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03590-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T17:02:05Z","timestamp":1715360525000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations of systemic inflammatory regulators with CKD and kidney function: evidence from the bidirectional mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hailang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaofeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingdong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3590_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00519-5","volume":"398","author":"K Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalantar-Zadeh K, Jafar TH, Nitsch D, Neuen BL, Perkovic V. 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