{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:08:53Z","timestamp":1789834133252,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There is a need to develop accurate and reliable non-invasive methods to evaluate chronic kidney disease (CKD) status and assess disease progression. Given it is recognized that dysregulation in metabolic pathways occur from early CKD, there is a basis in utilizing metabolomic biomarkers to monitor CKD progression. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), a form of metabolomic biomarker, are gaseous products of metabolic processes in organisms which are typically released with greater abundance in disease conditions when there is dysregulation in metabolism. How urinary VOCs reflect the abnormal metabolic profile of patients with CKD status is unknown. Our study aimed to explore this.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Individuals aged 18\u201375 years undergoing kidney biopsy were included. Pre-biopsy urine samples were collected. All biopsy samples had an interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) grade scored by standardized assessment. Urine supernatant was extracted from residue and sampled for stir bar sorptive extraction followed by Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Post-processing of GC-MS data separated complex mixtures of VOCs based on their volatility and polarity. Mass-to-charge ratios and fragment patterns were measured for individual VOCs identification and quantification. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed to assess the ability of urinary VOCs in discriminating between IFTA 0 (\u2018no or minimal IFTA\u2019 i.e. &lt;10%, IFTA), IFTA 1 (\u2018mild IFTA\u2019 i.e. 10\u201325% IFTA) and IFTA\u2009\u2265\u20092 (\u2018moderate or severe IFTA\u2019 i.e. &gt;25% IFTA). Linear regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, estimated glomerular filtration rate, diabetes mellitus (DM) status, and albuminuria was conducted to determine significantly regulated urinary VOCs amongst the groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>64 study participants (22 individuals IFTA 0, 15 individuals IFTA 1, 27 individuals IFTA\u2009\u2265\u20092) were included. There were 34 VOCs identified from GC-MS which were statistically associated with correct classification between the IFTA groups, and LDA demonstrated individuals with IFTA 0, IFTA 1 and IFTA\u2009\u2265\u20092 could be significantly separated by their urinary VOCs profile (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis reported 4 VOCs significantly upregulated in the IFTA 1 compared to the IFTA 0 group, and 2 VOCs significantly upregulated in the IFTA\u2009\u2265\u20092 compared to the IFTA 1 group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Significantly upregulated urinary VOCs belonged to one of four functional groups - aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbons, or alcohols.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We report novel links between urinary VOCs and tubulointerstitial histopathology. Our findings suggest the application of urinary VOCs as a metabolomic biomarker may have a useful clinical role to non-invasively assess CKD status during disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03819-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T11:02:04Z","timestamp":1728990124000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evaluation of urinary volatile organic compounds as a novel metabolomic biomarker to assess chronic kidney disease progression"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Henry H. L.","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Possell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long The","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"3819_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00519-5","volume":"398","author":"K Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalantar-Zadeh K, Jafar TH, Nitsch D, Neuen BL, Perkovic V. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2021;398:786\u2013802.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3819_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31694-5","volume":"392","author":"KJ Foreman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Foreman KJ, Marquez N, Dolgert A, Fukutaki K, Fullman N, McGaughey M, et al. Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: reference and alternative scenarios for 2016\u201340 for 195 countries and territories. Lancet. 2018;392:2052\u201390.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3819_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010111181","volume":"22","author":"LA Inker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Inker LA, Coresh J, Levey AS, Tonelli M, Muntner P, Estimated GFR. Albuminuria, and complications of chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:2322\u201331.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"3819_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v7.i3.73","volume":"7","author":"A Alaini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alaini A, Malhotra D, Rondon-Berrios H, Argyropoulos CP, Khitan ZJ, Raj DS, et al. Establishing the presence or absence of chronic kidney disease: uses and limitations of formulas estimating the glomerular filtration rate. World J Methodol. 2017;7:73\u201392.","journal-title":"World J Methodol"},{"key":"3819_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.33388","volume":"39","author":"CA Houlihan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Houlihan CA, Tsalamandris C, Akdeniz A, Jerums G. Albumin to creatinine ratio: a screening test with limitations. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39:1183\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"3819_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7610","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147610","volume":"23","author":"HHL Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu HHL, Goldys EM, Pollock CA, Saad S. Exfoliated kidney cells from urine for early diagnosis and prognostication of CKD: the way of the future? Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:7610.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3819_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.04.069","volume":"495","author":"MZ Bidin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bidin MZ, Shah AM, Stanslas J, Seong CL. Blood and urine biomarkers in chronic kidney disease: an update. Clin Chim Acta. 2019;495:239\u201350.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"3819_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1113\/JP284289","volume":"601","author":"U Rende","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rende U, Guller A, Goldys EM, Pollock C, Saad S. Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for tubulointerstitial fibrosis. J Physiol. 2023;601:2801\u201326.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"3819_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.12.006","volume":"1830","author":"S Meinardi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meinardi S, Jin KB, Barletta B, Blake DR, Vaziri ND. Exhaled breath and fecal volatile organic biomarkers of chronic kidney disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1830:2531\u20137.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"3819_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-43","volume":"15","author":"P Mochalski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mochalski P, King J, Haas M, Unterkofler K, Amann A, Mayer G. Blood and breath profiles of volatile organic compounds in patients with end-stage renal disease. BMC Nephrol. 2014;15:43.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"3819_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.5414\/CN108614","volume":"86","author":"U Sch\u00f6nermarck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nermarck U, Dengler C, Gmeinwieser A, Praun S, Schelling G, Fischereder M, et al. Exhaled breath volatile organic and inorganic compound composition in end-stage renal disease. Clin Nephrol. 2016;86:132\u201340.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"3819_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003523","volume":"47","author":"T H\u00fcppe","year":"2019","unstructured":"H\u00fcppe T, Klasen R, Maurer F, Meiser A, Groesdonk HV, Sessler DI, et al. Volatile organic compounds in patients with acute kidney injury and changes during dialysis. Crit Care Med. 2019;47:239\u201346.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3819_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-020-00248-z","volume":"5","author":"F Djago","year":"2021","unstructured":"Djago F, Lange J, Poinot P. Induced volatolomics of pathologies. Nat Rev Chem. 2021;5:183\u201396.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Chem"},{"key":"3819_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"034001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/abf1d0","volume":"15","author":"N Drabi\u0144ska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Drabi\u0144ska N, Flynn C, Ratcliffe N, Belluomo I, Myridakis A, Gould O, et al. A literature survey of all volatiles from healthy human breath and bodily fluids: the human volatilome. J Breath Res. 2021;15:034001.","journal-title":"J Breath Res"},{"key":"3819_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2014.02.051","volume":"966","author":"R Wehrens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wehrens R, Weingart G, Mattivi F, metaMS. An open-source pipeline for GC\u2013MS-based untargeted metabolomics. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl. 2014;966:109\u201316.","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl"},{"key":"3819_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu813","volume":"31","author":"F Giacomoni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giacomoni F, Le Corguille G, Monsoor M, Landi M, Pericard P, P\u00e9t\u00e9ra M, et al. Workflow4Metabolomics: a collaborative research infrastructure for computational metabolomics. Bioinformatics. 2015;31:1493\u20135.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3819_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-018-1367-3","volume":"14","author":"D Broadhurst","year":"2018","unstructured":"Broadhurst D, Goodacre R, Reinke SN, Kuligowski J, Wilson ID, Lewis MR, et al. Guidelines and considerations for the use of system suitability and quality control samples in mass spectrometry assays applied in untargeted clinical metabolomic studies. Metabolomics. 2018;14:72.","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"3819_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Den Dool HA, Kratz PD. A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography. J Chromatogr. 1963.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)80947-X"},{"key":"3819_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06780619","volume":"15","author":"J Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee J, Oh S, Kang H, Kim S, Lee G, Li L, et al. Environment-wide association study of CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15:766\u201375.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"3819_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13070837","volume":"13","author":"SH Seong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seong SH, Kim HS, Lee YM, Kim JS, Park S, Oh J. Exploration of potential breath biomarkers of chronic kidney disease through Thermal desorption\u2013gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites. 2023;13:837.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"3819_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046012","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ab285a","volume":"13","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Q, Wang Q, Chen B, Han Y, Cheng L, Shen Y, et al. Factors influencing breath analysis results in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Breath Res. 2019;13:046012.","journal-title":"J Breath Res"},{"key":"3819_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.439","volume":"83","author":"S Ruiz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ruiz S, Pergola PE, Zager RA, Vaziri ND. Targeting the transcription factor Nrf2 to ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2013;83:1029\u201341.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"3819_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00775-0","volume":"20","author":"S Kishi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kishi S, Nagasu H, Kidokoro K, Kashihara N. Oxidative stress and the role of redox signalling in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2024;20:101\u201319.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"3819_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311401","volume":"122","author":"SJ Forrester","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forrester SJ, Kikuchi DS, Hernandes MS, Xu Q, Griendling KK. Reactive oxygen species in metabolic and inflammatory signaling. Circ Res. 2018;122:877\u2013902.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"3819_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.12.002","volume":"61","author":"I Mart\u00ednez-Reyes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Reyes I, Diebold LP, Kong H, Schieber M, Huang H, Hensley CT, et al. TCA cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential are necessary for diverse biological functions. Mol Cell. 2016;61:199\u2013209.","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"3819_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12121584","volume":"12","author":"L Qu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qu L, Jiao B. The interplay between immune and metabolic pathways in kidney disease. Cells. 2023;12:1584.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"3819_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2601","volume":"11","author":"V Oliveira-Marques","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oliveira-Marques V, Marinho HS, Cyrne L, Antunes F. Role of hydrogen peroxide in NF-\u03baB activation: from inducer to modulator. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009;11:2223\u201343.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"3819_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12121581","volume":"12","author":"SP Kadatane","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kadatane SP, Satariano M, Massey M, Mongan K, Raina R. The role of inflammation in CKD. Cells. 2023;12:1581.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"3819_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151704","volume":"818","author":"VK Pal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pal VK, Li AJ, Zhu H, Kannan K. Diurnal variability in urinary volatile organic compound metabolites and its association with oxidative stress biomarkers. Sci Total Env. 2022;818:151704.","journal-title":"Sci Total Env"},{"key":"3819_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928379","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.928379","volume":"13","author":"JO Ogbodo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ogbodo JO, Arazu AV, Iguh TC, Onwodi NJ, Ezike TC. Volatile organic compounds: a proinflammatory activator in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol. 2022;13:928379.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3819_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2741\/4585","volume":"23","author":"H Moradi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moradi H, Vaziri ND. Molecular mechanisms of disorders of lipid metabolism in chronic kidney disease. Front Biosci (Landmark). 2018;23:146\u201361.","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark)"},{"key":"3819_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)00554-5","volume":"753","author":"GA Mills","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mills GA, Walker V. Headspace solid-phase microextraction profiling of volatile compounds in urine: application to metabolic investigations. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001;753:259\u201368.","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl"},{"key":"3819_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1060","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00646.2012","volume":"304","author":"DG Cotter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cotter DG, Schugar RC, Crawford PA. Ketone body metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ. 2013;304:H1060\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ"},{"key":"3819_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh425","volume":"19","author":"HG Wahl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wahl HG, Hong Q, Hildenbrand S, Risler T, Luft D, Liebich H. 4-Heptanone is a metabolite of the plasticizer di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2004;19:2576\u201383.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"key":"3819_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5688(01)80272-5","volume":"2","author":"R Hyspler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hyspler R, Crhova S, Zadak Z, Gasparic J. Breath isoprene as a measure of the depression in cholesterol synthesis in intensive care patients. Atherosclerosis Suppl. 2001;2:102.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis Suppl"},{"key":"3819_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.12.164","volume":"496","author":"D Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu D, Zhao N, Wang M, Pi X, Feng Y, Wang Y, et al. Urine volatile organic compounds as biomarkers for minimal change type nephrotic syndrome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;496:58\u201363.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"3819_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-3084(88)90121-1","volume":"46","author":"RA Stein","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stein RA, Mead JF. Small hydrocarbons formed by the peroxidation of squalene. Chem Phys Lipids. 1988;46:117\u201320.","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"3819_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bpz014","DOI":"10.1093\/biomethods\/bpz014","volume":"4","author":"S Janfaza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Janfaza S, Khorsand B, Nikkhah M, Zahiri J. Digging deeper into volatile organic compounds associated with cancer. Biol Methods Protoc. 2019;4:bpz014.","journal-title":"Biol Methods Protoc"},{"key":"3819_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)32143-X","volume":"2","author":"J Caballer\u00eda","year":"2003","unstructured":"Caballer\u00eda J. Current concepts in alcohol metabolism. Ann Hepatol. 2003;2:60\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"3819_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465897","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/465897","volume":"2012","author":"E Ozbek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ozbek E. Induction of oxidative stress in kidney. Int J Nephrol. 2012;2012:465897.","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol"},{"key":"3819_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/6\/2\/024001","volume":"6","author":"RM Thorn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thorn RM, Greenman J. Microbial volatile compounds in health and disease conditions. J Breath Res. 2012;6:024001.","journal-title":"J Breath Res"},{"key":"3819_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14744","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14744","volume":"5","author":"C Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang C, Feng Y, Wang M, Pi X, Tong H, Wang Y, et al. Volatile organic metabolites identify patients with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy and normal controls. Sci Rep. 2015;5:14744.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3819_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1159\/000478782","volume":"26","author":"M Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang M, Xie R, Jia X, Liu R. Urinary volatile organic compounds as potential biomarkers in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Med Princ Pract. 2017;26:375\u201380.","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"3819_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26071817","volume":"26","author":"T Ligor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ligor T, Zawadzka J, Str\u0105czy\u0144ski G, Gonz\u00e1lez Paredes RM, Wenda-Piesik A, Ratiu IA, et al. Searching for potential markers of glomerulopathy in urine by HS-SPME-GC\u00d7GC TOFMS. Molecules. 2021;26:1817.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"3819_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14152-7","volume":"12","author":"A Romani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Romani A, Marrone G, Celotto R, Campo M, Vita C, Chiaramonte C, et al. Utility of SIFT-MS to evaluate volatile organic compounds in nephropathic patients\u2019 breath. Sci Rep. 2022;12:10413.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3819_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.20748","volume":"37","author":"JD Kopple","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kopple JD. National kidney foundation K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37:S66\u201370.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"3819_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.06.003","volume":"174","author":"\u00c1G Ramos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ramos \u00c1G, Ant\u00f3n AP, del Nogal S\u00e1nchez M, Pav\u00f3n JL, Cordero BM. Urinary volatile fingerprint based on mass spectrometry for the discrimination of patients with lung cancer and controls. Talanta. 2017;174:158\u201364.","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"3819_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology30040033","volume":"30","author":"EY Danilova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Danilova EY, Maslova AO, Stavrianidi AN, Nosyrev AE, Maltseva LD, Morozova OL. CKD urine metabolomics: modern concepts and approaches. Pathophysiology. 2023;30:443\u201366.","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"3819_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813359","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.813359","volume":"9","author":"C Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li C, Chu S, Tan S, Yin X, Jiang Y, Dai X, et al. Towards higher sensitivity of mass spectrometry: a perspective from the mass analyzers. Front Chem. 2021;9:813359.","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"3819_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54138-1","volume":"14","author":"V Suthat Na Ayutaya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Suthat Na Ayutaya V, Tantisatirapoon C, Aekgawong S, Anakkamatee W, Danjittrong T, Kreepala C. Urinary cancer detection by the target urine volatile organic compounds biosensor platform. Sci Rep. 2024;14:3551.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3819_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112412","volume":"165","author":"X Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin X, Liu C, Xu T, Su L, Zhang X. Artificial intelligence biosensors: challenges and prospects. Biosens Bioelectron. 2020;165:112412.","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"3819_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13040427","volume":"13","author":"M Costantini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Costantini M, Filianoti A, Anceschi U, Bove AM, Brassetti A, Ferriero M, et al. Human urinary volatilome analysis in renal cancer by electronic nose. Biosensors. 2023;13:427.","journal-title":"Biosensors"}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-024-03819-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-024-03819-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-024-03819-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T13:06:54Z","timestamp":1729170414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12882-024-03819-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-024-03819-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Data collection in this study was carried out in accordance with relevant local guidelines and regulations, and collection of human data was approved by the human ethics committee at Royal North Shore Hospital (Ref: HREC\/17\/HAWKE\/471). Informed consent was obtained from all study participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"No individual patient data has been disclosed in this manuscript. Individual consent obtained from all study participants in this study included consent for publication of study results.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"HHLW is a member of the editorial board in BMC Nephrology. The other authors have no competing interests to declare in relation to the contents of this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"352"}}