{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:16:47Z","timestamp":1780399007221,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004156","name":"Mahidol University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Uncontrolled hyperphosphatemia in end stage renal disease (ESRD) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), bone disorders, and premature mortality. Randomized controlled trials show reduced CVD risk of non-calcium-based phosphate-binders (NCBPBs) compared to CBPBs although evidence from real world data is less consistent. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of NCBPBs, CBPBs, to no phosphate-binder (PB) on mortality and cardiovascular disease in Thai hyperphosphatemic ESRDs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A retrospective-cohort was conducted by using data from 2 university hospitals between January 2010 and July 2020 (COA. MURA2020\/1398 and IRB No.100\/63). Primary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and CVD-free time. Secondary outcomes included bone disorders following ESRD. An inverse-probability weighting with regression adjustment was used to assess treatment effects.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 8,005 patients were included. Initial CBPBs were associated with both longer OS and CVD-free time compared to no-PBs, while initial treatment with aluminum hydroxide was the highest risk of bone disorders. Patients who received CBPBs-NCBPBs had longest OS, followed by aluminum hydroxide, and CBPBs, with average OS of 13.5, 11.0, and 10.9 years, respectively. The average CVD-free time was longest for the CBPBs-NCBPBs, followed by CBPBs-CBPBs compared to no-PBs. However, these comparisons were insignificantly different.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>initial hyperphosphatemic ESRD treatment with CBPBs provided longer OS and CVD-free time compared to no-PBs, while aluminum hydroxide was the highest risk of bone disorders. CBPBs followed by NCBPBs achieved the longest OS and CVD-free time, although these were statistical non-significance.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-025-04058-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T19:42:27Z","timestamp":1741635747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effectiveness of phosphate binders on mortality and cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease patients with hyperphosphatemia: a multicenter real-world cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kamolpat","family":"Chaiyakittisopon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9570-2635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oraluck","family":"Pattanaprateep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanchana","family":"Ponthongmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patratorn","family":"Kunakorntham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2499-644X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anan","family":"Chuasuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atiporn","family":"Ingsathit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8197-6280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gareth J.","family":"Mckay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9800-1308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9991-386X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammarin","family":"Thakkinstian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"4058_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-8239-jbn-3527","volume":"40","author":"RR Abrita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abrita RR, Pereira BS, Fernandes NS, et al. Evaluation of prevalence, biochemical profile, and drugs associated with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder in 11 dialysis centers. Brazilian J Nephrol. 2018;40:26\u201334.","journal-title":"Brazilian J Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4058_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2015195","volume":"57","author":"SH Chuang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chuang SH, Wong HC, Anantharaman Vathsala EL, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder in incident peritoneal dialysis patients and its association with short-term outcomes. Singapore Med J. 2016;57(11):603.","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"4058_CR3","first-page":"874","volume":"28","author":"PK Etta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Etta PK, Sharma R, Gupta A. Study of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorders in newly detected advanced renal failure patients: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplantation. 2017;28(4):874.","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplantation"},{"issue":"4","key":"4058_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.101249","volume":"22","author":"B Ghosh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ghosh B, Brojen T, Banerjee S, et al. The high prevalence of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorders: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Indian J Nephrol. 2012;22(4):285.","journal-title":"Indian J Nephrol"},{"issue":"22","key":"4058_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.245264","volume":"131","author":"J-J Jin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jin J-J, Zhang S-L, Xu J-S, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder in hemodialysis patients in Hebei, China. Chin Med J. 2018;131(22):2749\u201351.","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4058_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004070602","volume":"16","author":"B Kestenbaum","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kestenbaum B, Sampson JN, Rudser KD, et al. Serum phosphate levels and mortality risk among people with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(2):520\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"10100","key":"4058_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","volume":"390","author":"T Vos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1211\u201359.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"4058_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2015.01.009","volume":"24","author":"AM Shaman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shaman AM, Kowalski SR. Hyperphosphatemia management in patients with chronic kidney disease. Saudi Pharm J. 2016;24(4):494\u2013505.","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm J"},{"issue":"6","key":"4058_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90086-X","volume":"30","author":"DM Kates","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kates DM, Sherrard DJ, Andress DL. Evidence that serum phosphate is independently associated with serum PTH in patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;30(6):809\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"4058_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.07.019","volume":"70","author":"T Isakova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Isakova T, Nickolas TL, Denburg M, et al. KDOQI US commentary on the 2017 KDIGO clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease\u2013mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;70(6):737\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"4058_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31819cd122","volume":"87","author":"GM Connolly","year":"2009","unstructured":"Connolly GM, Cunningham R, McNamee PT, et al. Elevated serum phosphate predicts mortality in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2009;87(7):1040\u20134.","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"9","key":"4058_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74996","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074996","volume":"8","author":"AP McGovern","year":"2013","unstructured":"McGovern AP, de Lusignan S, van Vlymen J, et al. Serum phosphate as a risk factor for cardiovascular events in people with and without chronic kidney disease: a large community based cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e74996.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"4058_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00810110","volume":"5","author":"H Eddington","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eddington H, Hoefield R, Sinha S, et al. Serum phosphate and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(12):2251\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"4058_CR14","unstructured":"Centre for Clinical Practice at NICE (UK). Hyperphosphataemia in chronic kidney disease: management of hyperphosphataemia in patients with stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease. Manchester: national institute for health and clinical excellence (UK). 2013; PMID: 25340244."},{"issue":"1","key":"4058_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2017.04.001","volume":"7","author":"DC Wheeler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wheeler DC, Winkelmayer WC. KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) foreword. Kidney Int Supplements. 2017;7(1):1\u201359.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Supplements"},{"issue":"4","key":"4058_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-021-01275-3","volume":"22","author":"K Chaiyakittisopon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chaiyakittisopon K, Pattanaprateep O, Ruenroengbun N, et al. Evaluation of the cost-utility of phosphate binders as a treatment option for hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the economic evaluations. Eur J Health Econ. 2021;22(4):571\u201384.","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"issue":"3","key":"4058_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5414\/CP203609","volume":"58","author":"JJ Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim JJ, Kim MG, Park SC, et al. Real-world prescribing and switching patterns of non-calcium containing phosphate binders in dialysis patients in South Korea. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020;58(3):166.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"4058_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-12-20","volume":"12","author":"DW Mudge","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mudge DW, Johnson DW, Hawley CM, et al. Do aluminium-based phosphate binders continue to have a role in contemporary nephrology practice? BMC Nephrol. 2011;12(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4058_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156891","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156891","volume":"11","author":"N Sekercioglu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sekercioglu N, Thabane L, D\u00edaz Mart\u00ednez JP, et al. Comparative effectiveness of phosphate binders in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156891.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"4058_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171028","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171028","volume":"12","author":"N Sekercioglu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sekercioglu N, Angeliki Veroniki A, Thabane L, et al. Effects of different phosphate lowering strategies in patients with CKD on laboratory outcomes: a systematic review and NMA. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0171028.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"4058_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.05.015","volume":"68","author":"SC Palmer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palmer SC, Gardner S, Tonelli M, et al. Phosphate-binding agents in adults with CKD: a network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;68(5):691\u2013702.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"4058_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607117715440","volume":"42","author":"X Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang X, Bai Q, Li Y, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of phosphate binders in hyperphosphatemia patients with chronic kidney disease. J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2018;42(4):766\u201377.","journal-title":"J Parenter Enter Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"4058_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.0045","volume":"179","author":"J Spoendlin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spoendlin J, Paik JM, Tsacogianis T, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes of calcium-free vs calcium-based phosphate binders in patients 65 years or older with end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(6):741\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4058_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.11.015","volume":"64","author":"AA Yusuf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yusuf AA, Weinhandl ED, Peter WLS. Comparative effectiveness of calcium acetate and sevelamer on clinical outcomes in elderly hemodialysis patients enrolled in medicare part D. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64(1):95\u2013103.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"4058_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2007.00871.x","volume":"32","author":"A Borzecki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Borzecki A, Lee A, Wang S, et al. Survival in end stage renal disease: calcium carbonate vs. sevelamer. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2007;32(6):617\u201324.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"4058_CR26","first-page":"318","volume":"34","author":"H Komaba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Komaba H, Kakuta T, Wada T, et al. Nutritional status and survival of maintenance hemodialysis patients receiving lanthanum carbonate. Nephrol Dialysis Transplantation. 2019;34(2):318\u201325.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dialysis Transplantation"},{"issue":"6","key":"4058_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e137","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000509","volume":"136","author":"CW Yancy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2017 ACC\/AHA\/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American college of cardiology\/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the heart failure society of America. Circulation. 2017;136(6):e137\u201361.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"4058_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000211","volume":"50","author":"WJ Powers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American heart association\/american stroke association. Stroke. 2019;50(12):e344\u2013418.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6","key":"4058_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06870909","volume":"5","author":"WM Michels","year":"2010","unstructured":"Michels WM, Grootendorst DC, Verduijn M, et al. Performance of the Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD, and new CKD-EPI formulas in relation to GFR, age, and body size. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(6):1003\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4058_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1673","volume":"17","author":"PC Austin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Austin PC. Goodness-of\u2010fit diagnostics for the propensity score model when estimating treatment effects using covariate adjustment with the propensity score. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2008;17(12):1202\u201317.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"25","key":"4058_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3697","volume":"28","author":"PC Austin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Austin PC. Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples. Stat Med. 2009;28(25):3083\u2013107.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4058_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X20909696","volume":"20","author":"A Linden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Linden A, Mathur MB, VanderWeele TJ. Conducting sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding in observational studies using E-values: the evalue package. Stata J. 2020;20(1):162\u201375.","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"issue":"4","key":"4058_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","volume":"167","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2017","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ, Ding P. Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(4):268\u201374.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4058_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4103\/JPBS.JPBS_290_18","volume":"11","author":"SA Rabbani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rabbani SA, Sridhar SB, Rao PG, et al. Use of phosphate binders in end-stage renal disease: an experience from a secondary care hospital in United Arab Emirates. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2019;11(2):148.","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"4058_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012030223","volume":"23","author":"GA Block","year":"2012","unstructured":"Block GA, Wheeler DC, Persky MS, et al. Effects of phosphate binders in moderate CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23(8):1407\u201315.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4058_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1159\/000492603","volume":"140","author":"A Hutchison","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hutchison A, Whelton A, Thadhani R, et al. Long-term mortality and bone safety in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving lanthanum carbonate. Nephron. 2018;140(4):265\u201374.","journal-title":"Nephron"}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04058-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04058-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04058-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T19:42:31Z","timestamp":1741635751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04058-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04058-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Research, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital (COA. MURA2020\/1398) and Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital (IRB No.100\/63). The study was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki. All authors declared no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"131"}}