{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:59:59Z","timestamp":1781006399804,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease (MCDK) is a notable congenital anomaly of the kidney and urinary tract, with potential risk for chronic kidney disease, yet data from sub-Saharan Africa remain scarce. This study examined the pattern of MCDK, associated contralateral kidney abnormalities, determined the predictors of MCDK involution and assessed short-term outcomes in children followed beyond one year in South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This retrospective study involved children under 13 years of age with suspected unilateral MCDK, confirmed on kidney ultrasound and [\n                      <jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tc]Tc-MAG3 scans at the Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2023. Demographic, clinical, and radiologic data were obtained. The Log-rank test and Cox Proportional Hazards regression analyses were used to identify predictors of MCDK involution.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 1,581 new cases, 98 (6.2%) had unilateral MCDK. 50% were male, and 57.1% had left-sided involvement. Median follow-up was 60 months (IQR: 12\u201372). Contralateral kidney abnormalities occurred in 17 (17.3%), most commonly duplex kidney (35.3%) and ureteropelvic junction obstruction (29.4%), but no vesicoureteric reflux was noted. Of 81 children followed beyond a year, 80.2% demonstrated contralateral hypertrophy, and 69.1% exhibited involution of the affected kidney. Initial kidney size\u2009\u2264\u20095.0\u00a0cm was the sole predictor of involution (Hazard Ratio: 2.42, 95% CI: 1.31\u20134.48). Urinary tract infections occurred in 18.5%, proteinuria in 2.5%, hypertension in 1.2%, and 2.5% developed chronic kidney disease related to contralateral dysplasia. One nephrectomy was performed, and no malignancies or deaths. At last follow-up, 28.4% were lost to follow-up, and 12.3% had transitioned to adolescent clinics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All MCDK cases were unilateral, with duplex kidney being the most common contralateral abnormality, a distinctive finding previously unreported. Follow-up into adolescence may be beneficial, as progression of chronic kidney disease is rare in those without contralateral anomalies. Multicentre long-term studies are needed to provide standardised follow-up guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-025-04667-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T06:36:25Z","timestamp":1764398185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Paediatric multicystic dysplastic kidney disease in Cape Town, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2462-4964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Datonye Christopher","family":"Briggs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0634-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khanyisile","family":"Hlongwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2876-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mignon","family":"McCulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5456-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Nourse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8658-2379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0364-9978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashton","family":"Coetzee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4667_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Emma F, Goldstein SL, Bagga A, Bates CM, Shroff R, editors. Pediatric nephrology. Springer; 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-52719-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52719-8"},{"issue":"845","key":"4667_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.71.845.9691894","volume":"71","author":"E Dillon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dillon E, Ryall A. A 10 year audit of antenatal ultrasound detection of renal disease. Br J Radiol. 1998;71(845):497\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.71.845.9691894.","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4667_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn777","volume":"24","author":"MF Schreuder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schreuder MF, Westland R, Van Wijk JAE. Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney: a meta-analysis of observational studies on the incidence, associated urinary tract malformations and the contralateral kidney. Nephrol Dialysis Transplantation. 2009;24(6):1810\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfn777.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dialysis Transplantation"},{"issue":"4","key":"4667_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2014.06.001","volume":"10","author":"AB Eickmeyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eickmeyer AB, Casanova NF, He C, et al. The natural history of the multicystic dysplastic kidney \u2013 Is limited follow-up warranted? J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10(4):655\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpurol.2014.06.001.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.06.075","volume":"199","author":"TW Gaither","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gaither TW, Patel A, Patel C, Chuang K, wen, Cohen RA, Baskin LS. Natural history of contralateral hypertrophy in patients with multicystic dysplastic kidneys. J Urol. 2018;199(1):280\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2017.06.075.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4667_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.07328.x","volume":"101","author":"AJ Cambio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cambio AJ, Evans CP, Kurzrock EA. Non-surgical management of multicystic dysplastic kidney. BJU Int. 2008;101(7):804\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.07328.x.","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"4667_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2141-9","volume":"27","author":"Unilateral multicystic dysplastic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Unilateral multicystic dysplastic. Kidney: does initial size matter? Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27(8):1335\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-012-2141-9.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4667_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2014.03.004","volume":"10","author":"OM Sarhan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarhan OM, Alghanbar M, Alsulaihim A, Alharbi B, Alotay A, Nakshabandi Z. Multicystic dysplastic kidney: impact of imaging modality selection on the initial management and prognosis. J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10(4):645\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpurol.2014.03.004.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4667_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-010-1746-0","volume":"26","author":"O Mansoor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mansoor O, Chandar J, Rodriguez MM, et al. Long-term risk of chronic kidney disease in unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26(4):597\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-010-1746-0.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4667_CR10","first-page":"75","volume":"56","author":"SC Dogan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dogan SC, Bayram TM, Aybar MS. Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney in children. Turk J Pediatr. 2014;56:75\u20139. PMID: 24827951.","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"key":"4667_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Groen In \u2019T Woud S, Westland R, Feitz WFJ, et al. Clinical management of children with a congenital solitary functioning kidney: overview and recommendations. Eur Urol Open Sci. 2021;25:11\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euros.2021.01.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2021.01.003"},{"issue":"6","key":"4667_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2018.09.018","volume":"14","author":"A Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang A, Sivananthan D, Nataraja RM, Johnstone L, Webb N, Lopez PJ. Evidence-based treatment of multicystic dysplastic kidney: a systematic review. J Pediatr Urol. 2018;14(6):510\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpurol.2018.09.018.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4667_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670000391","volume":"14","author":"LR Feldenberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Feldenberg LR, Siegel NJ. Clinical course and outcome for children with multicystic dysplastic kidneys. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;14(12):1098\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004670000391.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4667_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2014.03.008","volume":"10","author":"S Moral\u0131o\u011flu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moral\u0131o\u011flu S, Celayir AC, Bosnal\u0131 O, Pekta\u015f OZ, Bulut IK. Single center experience in patients with unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney. J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10(4):763\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpurol.2014.03.008.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4667_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2011-175","volume":"51","author":"M Akbal\u0131k Kara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akbal\u0131k Kara M, Taktak A, Alparslan C. Retrospective evaluation of the pediatric multicystic dysplastic kidney patients: experience of two centers from southeastern Turkey. Turk J Med Sci. 2021;51(3):1331\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3906\/sag-2011-175.","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"4667_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-019-04478-1","volume":"35","author":"J Grabnar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grabnar J, Rus RR. Is renal scintigraphy really a necessity in the routine diagnosis of congenital solitary kidney? Pediatr Surg Int. 2019;35(6):729\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00383-019-04478-1.","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"4667_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70407","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.70407","volume":"13","author":"S Chaki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chaki S, Mclarty R, Mzolo I, Rajan S, Chipongo H. A rare case of antenatal bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease: an unusual presentation in a neonate. Clin Case Rep. 2025;13(4):e70407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccr3.70407.","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"4667_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4103\/2384-5147.184381","volume":"3","author":"A Musa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Musa A, Umar L, Bugaje M, Rosamund A. Multicystic dysplastic kidney with associated contralateral renal ectopia in an infant: A rare association. Sub-Saharan Afr J Med. 2016;3(2):122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2384-5147.184381.","journal-title":"Sub-Saharan Afr J Med"},{"key":"4667_CR19","unstructured":"Nilesh L. Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital over a thirty year period. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand; 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.7196\/SAJCH.2020.v14.i1.01666","volume":"14","author":"NC Okoronkwo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okoronkwo NC, Levy C, Khumalo T, Moonsamy G. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and the urinary tract in a South African paediatric nephrology setting. South Afr J Child Health. 2020;14(1):40\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7196\/SAJCH.2020.v14.i1.01666.","journal-title":"South Afr J Child Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4667_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-0828-8","volume":"24","author":"DS Hains","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hains DS, Bates CM, Ingraham S, Schwaderer AL. Management and etiology of the unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney: a review. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24(2):233\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-008-0828-8.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4667_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.095786","volume":"91","author":"M Aslam","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aslam M. Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney: long term outcomes. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(10):820\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.2006.095786.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"2","key":"4667_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020035550","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-035550","volume":"148","author":"NA Jawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jawa NA, Rosenblum ND, Radhakrishnan S, Pearl RJ, Levin L, Matsuda-Abedini M. Reducing unnecessary imaging in children with multicystic dysplastic kidney or solitary kidney. Pediatrics. 2021;148(2):e2020035550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2020-035550.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.143.1.7063729","volume":"143","author":"KJ Stuck","year":"1982","unstructured":"Stuck KJ, Koff SA, Silver TM. Ultrasonic features of multicystic dysplastic kidney: expanded diagnostic criteria. Radiology. 1982;143(1):217\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.143.1.7063729.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4667_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02388714","volume":"15","author":"RL Lebowitz","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lebowitz RL, Olbing H, Parkkulainen KV, Smellie JM, Tamminen-M\u00f6bius TE. International system of radiographic grading of vesicoureteric reflux. Pediatr Radiol. 1985;15(2):105\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02388714.","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4667_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.15073","volume":"35","author":"YH Choi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choi YH, Cheon JE, Kim WS, Kim IO. Ultrasonography of hydronephrosis in the newborn: a practical review. Ultrasonography. 2016;35(3):198\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14366\/usg.15073.","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"key":"4667_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2019.04.003","volume":"129","author":"MK Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang MK, Gaither T, Phelps A, Cohen R, Baskin L. The incidence and durability of compensatory hypertrophy in pediatric patients with solitary kidneys. Urology. 2019;129:188\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2019.04.003.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"4667_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Biassoni L, Gordon I. Radioisotope imaging of the kidney and urinary tract. Pediatr Urol. Elsevier; 2010. p. 108\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-1-4160-3204-5.00008-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-3204-5.00008-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"4667_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20171904","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1904","volume":"140","author":"JT Flynn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2017-1904.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"4667_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008030287","volume":"20","author":"GJ Schwartz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schwartz GJ, Mu\u00f1oz A, Schneider MF, et al. New equations to estimate GFR in children with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(3):629\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2008030287.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4667_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-019-04405-5","volume":"35","author":"Y Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang Y, Yang X, Zhang Y, et al. Correlation of urine protein\/creatinine ratios to 24-h urinary protein for quantitating proteinuria in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2020;35(3):463\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-019-04405-5.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4667_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","volume":"105","author":"PE Stevens","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stevens PE, Ahmed SB, Carrero JJ, et al. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024;105(4):S117\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"32","key":"4667_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11819","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011819","volume":"97","author":"A Urisarri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Urisarri A, Gil M, Mandi\u00e1 N, et al. Retrospective study to identify risk factors for chronic kidney disease in children with congenital solitary functioning kidney detected by neonatal renal ultrasound screening. Medicine. 2018;97(32):e11819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000011819.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuroe.2016.11.004","volume":"41","author":"ME Carazo-Palacios","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carazo-Palacios ME, Couselo-Jerez M, Serrano-Durb\u00e1 A, et al. Multicystic dysplastic kidney: assessment of the need for renal scintigraphy and the safety of Conservative treatment. Actas Urol\u00f3gicas Espa\u00f1olas (English Edition). 2017;41(1):62\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acuroe.2016.11.004.","journal-title":"Actas Urol\u00f3gicas Espa\u00f1olas (English Edition)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77e","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2018.10.023","volume":"15","author":"T Erlich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erlich T, Lipsky AM, Braga LH. A meta-analysis of the incidence and fate of contralateral vesicoureteral reflux in unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney. J Pediatr Urol. 2019;15(1):77e. 1-77.e7.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4667_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17305","volume":"50","author":"C Scala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scala C, McDonnell S, Murphy F, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of midtrimester antenatal ultrasound for multicystic dysplastic kidneys. Ultrasound Obstet Gyne. 2017;50(4):464\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/uog.17305.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gyne"},{"key":"4667_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alamir A, Al Rasheed SA, Al Qahtani AT, et al. The outcome of multicystic dysplastic kidney disease patients at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh. Cureus. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.37994.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.37994"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1992.11747549","volume":"12","author":"UK Kala","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kala UK, Jacobs DWC. Evaluation of urinary tract infection in malnourished black children. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1992;12(1):75\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02724936.1992.11747549.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"4667_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2023.03.048","volume":"18","author":"HG Nugraha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nugraha HG, Adibrata ASP. Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease associated with ipsilateral ureteric bud remnant and contralateral duplex collecting system. Radiol Case Rep. 2023;18(6):2289\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radcr.2023.03.048.","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"4667_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2010.03.028","volume":"45","author":"L Chun-Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chun-Chen L, Jeng-Daw T, Jin-Cherng S, Hsiang-Ju L, Brian Pin-Hsuan C. Segmental multicystic dysplastic kidney in children: clinical presentation, imaging finding, management, and outcome. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45(9):1856\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2010.03.028.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4667_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.09.062","volume":"67","author":"T Merrot","year":"2006","unstructured":"Merrot T, Lumenta DB, Tercier S, Morisson-Lacombes G, Guys JM, Alessandrini P. Multicystic dysplastic kidney with ipsilateral abnormalities of genitourinary tract: experience in children. Urology. 2006;67(3):603\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2005.09.062.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"4667_CR42","first-page":"731","volume":"83","author":"A Mathiot","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mathiot A, Liard A, Eurin D, Dacher JN. Prenatally detected multicystic renal dysplasia and associated anomalies of the genito-urinary tract. J Radiol. 2002;83(6 Pt 1):731\u20135.","journal-title":"J Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"4667_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"039","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1701043","volume":"10","author":"C Teles-Silva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Teles-Silva C, Martins F, Costa S, et al. Renal dysplasia and progressive renal failure in a newborn with interstitial chromosome 4 deletion 4q25-28.3: A new phenotype? J Pediatr Genet. 2021;10(01):039\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0039-1701043.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"4667_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.74.3.232","volume":"74","author":"SR Martin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Martin SR, Garel L, Alvarez F. Alagille\u2019s syndrome associated with cystic renal disease. Arch Dis Child. 1996;74(3):232\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.74.3.232.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"2","key":"4667_CR45","first-page":"78","volume":"22","author":"I Ozunan Akil","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ozunan Akil I, Evrengul H, Cetin M, Taneli C. Renal ve \u00dcrolojik bulgular Costello Sendromu Ile \u0130li\u015fkili midir? Is renal and urologic findings associated with Costello syndrome? Case repor. Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr. 2013;22(2):78\u201382.","journal-title":"Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr"},{"issue":"13","key":"4667_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2082","volume":"28","author":"JD Hoffman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hoffman JD, Bianchi DW, Sullivan LM, et al. Down syndrome serum screening also identifies an increased risk for multicystic dysplastic kidney, two-vessel cord, and hydrocele. Prenat Diagn. 2008;28(13):1204\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pd.2082.","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"issue":"5","key":"4667_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.06.046","volume":"225","author":"S Chetty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chetty S. Multicystic dysplastic kidney. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;225(5):B21\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.06.046.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"4667_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00725","volume":"11","author":"Z McArdle","year":"2020","unstructured":"McArdle Z, Schreuder MF, Moritz KM, Denton KM, Singh RR. Physiology and pathophysiology of compensatory adaptations of a solitary functioning kidney. Front Physiol. 2020;11:725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.00725.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4667_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-009-0117-y","volume":"76","author":"JK Singh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Singh JK, Kanojia RP, Narasimhan KL. Multicystic dysplastic kidney in children \u2014 A need for Conservative and long term approach. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76(8):809\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12098-009-0117-y.","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"4667_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050506","volume":"12","author":"U John","year":"1998","unstructured":"John U, Rudnik-Sch\u00f6neborn S, Zerres K, Misselwitz J. Kidney growth and renal function in unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 1998;12(7):567\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004670050506.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4667_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.03.024","volume":"82","author":"D Alaygut","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alaygut D, Soylu A, Kasap B, T\u00fcrkmen M, \u00c7akmakc\u0131 H, Kavukcu S. The relationships between renal compensatory hypertrophy etiologic factors and anthropometric development in the pediatric age group. Urology. 2013;82(2):442\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2013.03.024.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4667_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric14030044","volume":"14","author":"M Kopa\u010d","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kopa\u010d M, Kordi\u010d R. Associated anomalies and complications of multicystic dysplastic kidney. Pediatr Rep. 2022;14(3):375\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pediatric14030044.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"4667_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2141-9","volume":"27","author":"WN Hayes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hayes WN, Watson AR, Trent & Anglia MCDK Study Group. Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney: does initial size matter? Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27(8):1335\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-012-2141-9.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4667_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-014-0467-z","volume":"51","author":"S Sharada","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sharada S, Vijayakumar M, Nageswaran P, Ekambaram S, Udani A. Multicystic dysplastic kidney: A retrospective study. Indian Pediatr. 2014;51(8):641\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13312-014-0467-z.","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"4667_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-017-3686-4","volume":"33","author":"MF Schreuder","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schreuder MF. Life with one kidney. Pediatr Nephrol. 2018;33(4):595\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-017-3686-4.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4667_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.1851","volume":"25","author":"HAM Damen-Elias","year":"2005","unstructured":"Damen-Elias HAM, Stoutenbeek PH, Visser GHA, Nikkels PGJ, De Jong TPVM. Concomitant anomalies in 100 children with unilateral multicystic kidney. Ultrasound Obstet Gyne. 2005;25(4):384\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/uog.1851.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gyne"},{"issue":"5","key":"4667_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2991","DOI":"10.5812\/ijp.2991","volume":"25","author":"SD Mashat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mashat SD, El-Desoky SM, Abdulaziz Kari J. Outcome of Multi-Cystic dysplastic kidneys in children. Iran J Pediatr. 2015;25(5):e2991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/ijp.2991.","journal-title":"Iran J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"4667_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2012.09.015","volume":"51","author":"PY Hsu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hsu PY, Yu CH, Lin K, Cheng YC, Chang CH, Chang FM. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal multicystic dysplastic kidney in the era of three-dimensional ultrasound: 10-year experience. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;51(4):596\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjog.2012.09.015.","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04667-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04667-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04667-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:41:32Z","timestamp":1767627692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04667-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04667-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7706913\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Cape Town (HREC:805\/2024) and the ethics committee of the Red Cross War Memorial Hospital (RXH: RCC 451\/WC_220410_034). Due to the retrospective nature of the study, a waiver of parental consent was also approved by the Institutional Ethics Committees (HREC:805\/2024). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}