{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:51:06Z","timestamp":1770814266515,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fogarty International Centre, National Institutes of Health","award":["2D43TW009771-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2D43TW009771-06"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes for Health Research","award":["NIHR131273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR131273"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-025-04719-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T09:26:55Z","timestamp":1768555615000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comorbidities associated with early chronickidney disease among young people living withHIV in Uganda. A nested case control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Esther M.","family":"Nasuuna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurie A.","family":"Tomlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kalyesubula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Castelnuovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholus","family":"Nanyeenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chido Dziva","family":"Chikwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen A.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"4719_CR1","first-page":"1921","volume":"70","author":"CS Snively","year":"2004","unstructured":"Snively CS, Gutierrez C. Chronic kidney disease: prevention and treatment of common complications. Am Family Phys. 2004;70(10):1921\u20138.","journal-title":"Am Family Phys"},{"issue":"10302","key":"4719_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00519-5","volume":"398","author":"K Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalantar-Zadeh K, Jafar TH, Nitsch D, Neuen BL, Perkovic V. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2021;398(10302):786\u2013802.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"4719_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.138","volume":"5","author":"AV Krishnan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krishnan AV, Kiernan MC. Neurological complications of chronic kidney disease. Nat Reviews Neurol. 2009;5(10):542\u201351.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4719_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.01.008","volume":"35","author":"R Thomas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thomas R, Kanso A, Sedor JR. Chronic kidney disease and its complications. Prim Care. 2008;35(2):329\u2013vii.","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"4719_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2017.07.007","volume":"7","author":"AK Bello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bello AK, Alrukhaimi M, Ashuntantang GE, Basnet S, Rotter RC, Douthat WG, et al. Complications of chronic kidney disease: current state, knowledge gaps, and strategy for action. Kidney Int Supplements. 2017;7(2):122\u20139.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Supplements"},{"issue":"3","key":"4719_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-014-9460-9","volume":"20","author":"L Di Lullo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Di Lullo L, House A, Gorini A, Santoboni A, Russo D, Ronco C. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular complications. Heart Fail Rev. 2015;20(3):259\u201372.","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"4719_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(03)00372-X","volume":"41","author":"MJ Sarnak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sarnak MJ. Cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:11\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"4719_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flynn JT, Falkner BE. New clinical practice guideline for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Hypertens (Dallas Tex: 1979). 2017;70(4):683\u20136.","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10050"},{"key":"4719_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13457","volume":"23","author":"YC Hou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hou YC, Lu CL, Lu KC. Mineral bone disorders in chronic kidney disease. Nephrology. 2018;23:88\u201394.","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"4719_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1159\/000441737","volume":"41","author":"C Kaspar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaspar C, Bholah R, Bunchman T. A review of pediatric chronic kidney disease. Blood Purif. 2016;41(1\u20133):211\u20137.","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"key":"4719_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00205","volume":"6","author":"DM Silverstein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Silverstein DM. Growth and nutrition in pediatric chronic kidney disease. Front Pead. 2018;6:205.","journal-title":"Front Pead"},{"key":"4719_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204800401667768","DOI":"10.1177\/2048004016677687","volume":"5","author":"R Arnold","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arnold R, Issar T, Krishnan AV, Pussell BA. Neurological complications in chronic kidney disease. JRSM Cardiovasc Disease. 2016;5:2048004016677687.","journal-title":"JRSM Cardiovasc Disease"},{"issue":"9","key":"4719_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003892","volume":"38","author":"NJL Haw","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haw NJL, Lesko CR, Ng DK, Lam J, Lang R, Kitahata MM, et al. Incidence of non-AIDS defining comorbidities among young adults with perinatally acquired HIV in North America. AIDS. 2024;38(9):1366\u201374.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"9","key":"4719_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30037-7","volume":"4","author":"LJ Frigati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frigati LJ, Ameyan W, Cotton MF, Gregson CL, Hoare J, Jao J, et al. Chronic comorbidities in children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(9):688\u201398.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"4719_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2024.2395562","volume":"20","author":"C Muccini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Muccini C, Bottanelli M, Castagna A, Spagnuolo V. Cardiometabolic complications in children and adolescents with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2024;20(9):893\u2013905.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"4719_CR16","unstructured":"Gulati S, Langman C. Chronic kidney disease in children. 2020."},{"key":"4719_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swanepoel CR, Atta MG, D\u2019Agati VD, Estrella MM, Fogo AB, Naicker S, et al. Kidney disease in the setting of HIV infection: conclusions from a kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) controversies conference. Kidney Int. 2018;93(3):545\u201359.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.11.007"},{"issue":"4","key":"4719_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfw047","volume":"9","author":"F Becherucci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Becherucci F, Roperto RM, Materassi M, Romagnani P. Chronic kidney disease in children. Clin Kidney J. 2016;9(4):583\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4719_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03865-8","volume":"25","author":"EM Nasuuna","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nasuuna EM, Tomlinson LA, Kalyesubula R, Dziva Chikwari C, Castelnuovo B, Manabe YC, et al. Comparison of the prevalence and associated factors of chronic kidney disease diagnosed by serum creatinine or Cystatin C among young people living with HIV in Uganda. BMC Nephrol. 2024;25(1):422.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4719_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31827f4eff","volume":"32","author":"M Purswani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Purswani M, Patel K, Kopp JB, Seage GR 3rd, Chernoff MC, Hazra R, et al. Tenofovir treatment duration predicts proteinuria in a multiethnic united States cohort of children and adolescents with perinatal HIV-1 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(5):495\u2013500.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"4","key":"4719_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.169","volume":"82","author":"GJ Schwartz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwartz GJ, Schneider MF, Maier PS, Moxey-Mims M, Dharnidharka VR, Warady BA, et al. Improved equations estimating GFR in children with chronic kidney disease using an immunonephelometric determination of Cystatin C. Kidney Int. 2012;82(4):445\u201353.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"4719_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001979","volume":"13","author":"L Selistre","year":"2016","unstructured":"Selistre L, Rabilloud M, Cochat P, de Souza V, Iwaz J, Lemoine S, et al. Comparison of the Schwartz and CKD-EPI equations for estimating glomerular filtration rate in children, adolescents, and adults: a retrospective cross-sectional study. PLoS Med. 2016;13(3):e1001979.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"4719_CR23","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Assessment of kidney function in children, adolescents, and young adults","author":"G Filler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Filler G, Ferris M, Gattineni J. Assessment of kidney function in children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatric Nephrology: Springer; 2022. pp. 145\u201371."},{"issue":"1","key":"4719_CR24","first-page":"17","volume":"37","author":"P Delanaye","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delanaye P, Glassock RJ, Pottel H, Rule AD. An age-calibrated definition of chronic kidney disease: rationale and benefits. Clin Biochemist Reviews. 2016;37(1):17.","journal-title":"Clin Biochemist Reviews"},{"key":"4719_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lameire NH, Levin A, Kellum JA, Cheung M, Jadoul M, Winkelmayer WC, et al. Harmonizing acute and chronic kidney disease definition and classification: report of a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) consensus conference. Kidney Inte. 2021;100(3):516\u201326.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.06.028"},{"issue":"1","key":"4719_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"A Levin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levin A, Stevens PE, Bilous RW, Coresh J, De Francisco AL, De Jong PE, et al. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) CKD work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Supplements. 2013;3(1):1\u2013150.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Supplements"},{"key":"4719_CR27","unstructured":"Inc. RD. CYSC2: Tina-quant Cystatin C Gen.2. 2023."},{"issue":"12","key":"4719_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0052","volume":"41","author":"S Arslanian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arslanian S, Bacha F, Grey M, Marcus MD, White NH, Zeitler P. Evaluation and management of Youth-Onset type 2 diabetes: a position statement by the American diabetes association. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(12):2648\u201368.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4719_CR29","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011."},{"key":"4719_CR30","unstructured":"NHS North Bristol. Children\u2019s reference ranges for FBC bristol. Available from: https:\/\/www.nbt.nhs.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/Childrens%20FBC%20Reference%20Ranges.pdf."},{"key":"4719_CR31","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC) with Differential, Blood: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 2024 [cited 2024 30th January]. Available from: https:\/\/pediatric.testcatalog.org\/show\/KS."},{"issue":"4","key":"4719_CR32","first-page":"704","volume":"48","author":"JP Gligoroska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gligoroska JP, Gontarev S, Dejanova B, Todorovska L, Stojmanova DS, Manchevska S. Red blood cell variables in children and adolescents regarding the age and sex. Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(4):704.","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"4719_CR33","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Serum parathyroid hormone: Mayo foundation for medical education and research. 2024 [cited 2024 30th January]. Available from: https:\/\/pediatric.testcatalog.org\/show\/BUN."},{"issue":"4","key":"4719_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32833b7c23","volume":"22","author":"SA Lietman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lietman SA, Germain-Lee EL, Levine MA. Hypercalcemia in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2010;22(4):508\u201315.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"4719_CR35","first-page":"S1","volume":"46","author":"KDOQI N","year":"2005","unstructured":"KDOQI N. Clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in children with chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:S1\u2013100.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4719_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1309\/LMGLMZ8CIYMFNOGX","volume":"45","author":"LAL Bazydlo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bazydlo LAL, Needham M, Harris NS. Calcium, Magnesium, and phosphate. Lab Med. 2014;45(1):e44\u201350.","journal-title":"Lab Med"},{"key":"4719_CR37","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Basic metabolic panel, serum: Mayo foundation for medical education and research. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/pediatric.testcatalog.org\/show\/BMAMA."},{"key":"4719_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips NJ, Thomas KGF, Myer L, Sacktor N, Zar HJ, Stein DJ, et al. Screening for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in perinatally infected adolescents: youth-International HIV dementia scale validation. AIDS. 2019;33(5):833-8.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002144"},{"key":"4719_CR39","volume-title":"2016 to 2019)","author":"UNFPA SUPPORT TO","year":"2020","unstructured":"UNFPA, UNFPA Support to, the HIV response \u2013 an overview. (2016 to 2019). Geneva: United Nations; 2020."},{"key":"4719_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35433-6_12","volume-title":"HIV infection in children and adolescents","author":"R Bhimma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhimma R. HIV-Related kidney diseases. In: Bobat R, editor. HIV infection in children and adolescents. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. pp. 143\u201352."},{"issue":"2","key":"4719_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000256","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2016-000256","volume":"2","author":"C George","year":"2017","unstructured":"George C, Mogueo A, Okpechi I, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Kengne AP. Chronic kidney disease in low-income to middle-income countries: the case for increased screening. BMJ Glob Health. 2017;2(2):e000256.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"4719_CR42","volume-title":"Blood cell","author":"EZ Clement","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clement EZ, Collins OO, Lisa AM. Laboratory reference intervals in Africa. In: Terry EM, editor. Blood cell. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2012. Ch. 15."},{"key":"4719_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchanan AM, Fiorillo SP, Omondi MW, Cunningham CK, Crump JA. Establishment of biochemistry reference values for healthy Tanzanian infants, children and adolescents in Kilimanjaro Region. Trop Med Int Health: TM & IH. 2015;20(11):1569-77.","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12580"},{"issue":"2","key":"4719_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05840513","volume":"9","author":"AA Portale","year":"2014","unstructured":"Portale AA, Wolf M, J\u00fcppner H, Messinger S, Kumar J, Wesseling-Perry K, et al. Disordered FGF23 and mineral metabolism in children with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(2):344\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4719_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-007-0671-3","volume":"23","author":"K Wesseling","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wesseling K, Bakkaloglu S, Salusky I. Chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23(2):195\u2013207.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4719_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-01828-3","volume":"21","author":"M Khatri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khatri M, Zitovsky J, Lee D, Nayyar K, Fazzari M, Grant C. The association between serum chloride levels and chronic kidney disease progression: a cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4719_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.4103\/NJM.NJM_77_23","volume":"32","author":"DK Adiele","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adiele DK, Ojinnaka NC, Okafor HU, Chinawa JM. Blood pressure trend in children with chronic kidney disease in Nigeria, Sub\u2013Saharan African region. Niger J Med. 2023;32(4):407\u201311.","journal-title":"Niger J Med"},{"key":"4719_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schrauben SJ, Berns JS. Chapter 30 - Hematologic complications of chronic kidney disease\u2014anemia and platelet disorders. In: Kimmel PL, Rosenberg ME, editors. Chronic Renal Disease. 2nd ed. Academic Press; 2020. p. 463\u2009\u2013\u200975.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815876-0.00030-9"},{"key":"4719_CR49","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Full blood count: haematological changes in kidney diseases. Understanding kidney diseases","author":"HC Rayner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rayner HC, Thomas ME, Milford DV. Full blood count: haematological changes in kidney diseases. Understanding kidney diseases. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. pp. 207\u201317."}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04719-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04719-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04719-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T01:06:00Z","timestamp":1770771960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04719-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-025-04719-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Ethics Committee with reference number GC\/127\/946, the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (reference number HS2578ES) and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (reference 28797). Informed consent\/assent was provided by all participants. Age-appropriate information about the study was provided prior to consent by the study nurses. All the participants aged more than 18 years provided a written informed consent. Those aged below 18 years (child) provided written assent and their caregivers provided a written informed consent. The studies were conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"108"}}