{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:29:55Z","timestamp":1787020195345,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001547","name":"China Medical Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMB-OC #24-555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMB-OC #24-555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001547","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008235","name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Talent Cultivation Program (Category C, UBJ11228)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Talent Cultivation Program (Category C, UBJ11228)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005892","name":"China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS 2024-I2M-C&T-C-003, CIFMS 2021-I2M-1-003)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS 2024-I2M-C&T-C-003, CIFMS 2021-I2M-1-003)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005892","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["2022-PUMCH-B-019, 2022-PUMCH-D-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-B-019, 2022-PUMCH-D-002"]}]},{"name":"Capital Exemplary Research Wards Project","award":["BCRW202001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCRW202001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-026-04902-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T06:06:25Z","timestamp":1773986785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Risk factors and outcomes of culture-negative peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: 10 years\u2019 insight from a large center in northern China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Xixi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4902_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01449-2","volume":"18","author":"A Chuasuwan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chuasuwan A, Pooripussarakul S, Thakkinstian A, Ingsathit A, Pattanaprateep O. Comparisons of quality of life between patients underwent peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020;18(1):191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-020-01449-2.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"6","key":"4902_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.6.697","volume":"291","author":"HR Rubin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rubin HR, Fink NE, Plantinga LC, Sadler JH, Kliger AS, Powe NR. Patient ratings of dialysis care with peritoneal dialysis vs hemodialysis. JAMA. 2004;291(6):697\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.291.6.697.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"4902_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.181","volume":"13","author":"PKT Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li PKT, Chow KM, Van de Luijtgaarden MWM, et al. Changes in the worldwide epidemiology of peritoneal dialysis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2017;13(2):90\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneph.2016.181.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4902_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608221077461","volume":"43","author":"AA Bonenkamp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bonenkamp AA, Van Sluijs E, Dekker A. Technique failure in peritoneal dialysis: Modifiable causes and patient-specific risk factors. Perit Dial Int. 2023;43(1):73\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08968608221077461.","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"4902_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.06.032","volume":"53","author":"DW Johnson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Johnson DW, Dent H, Hawley CM, et al. Associations of Dialysis Modality and Infectious Mortality in Incident Dialysis Patients in Australia and New Zealand. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53(2):290\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.06.032.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4902_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.09.017","volume":"75","author":"KE Manera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Manera KE, Johnson DW, Craig JC, et al. Establishing a Core Outcome Set for Peritoneal Dialysis: Report of the SONG-PD (Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology\u2013Peritoneal Dialysis) Consensus Workshop. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;75(3):404\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.09.017.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"4902_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1001-7097.2017.08.007","volume":"33","author":"H Yijing Tong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yijing Tong H, Yan Z, Li. Changes in the Spectrum of Pathogens and Drug Sensitivity Analysis in 711 Cases of Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis. Zhong Hua Shen Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2017;33(8):601\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1001-7097.2017.08.007.","journal-title":"Zhong Hua Shen Zang Bing Za Zhi"},{"issue":"5","key":"4902_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.11817\/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.210506","volume":"47","author":"The Impact of Climatic Factors on Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis in a Single Center","year":"2022","unstructured":"The Impact of Climatic Factors on Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis in a Single Center. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2022;47(5):639\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11817\/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.210506.","journal-title":"Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"issue":"2","key":"4902_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608221080586","volume":"42","author":"PKT Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li PKT, Chow KM, Cho Y, et al. ISPD peritonitis guideline recommendations: 2022 update on prevention and treatment. Perit Dial Int. 2022;42(2):110\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08968608221080586.","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"4902_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.09.016","volume":"76","author":"J Perl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perl J, Fuller DS, Bieber BA, et al. Peritoneal Dialysis\u2013Related Infection Rates and Outcomes: Results From the Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (PDOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;76(1):42\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.09.016.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4902_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/0896860819879891","volume":"40","author":"H Htay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Htay H, Cho Y, Pascoe EM, et al. Multicentre registry data analysis comparing outcomes of culture-negative peritonitis and different subtypes of culture-positive peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int. 2020;40(1):47\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0896860819879891.","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"4902_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s41100-023-00498-9","volume":"9","author":"H Shima","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shima H, Okamoto T, Tashiro M, et al. Predictors of culture-negative peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: a single center, retrospective study. Ren Replace Ther. 2023;9(1):55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41100-023-00498-9.","journal-title":"Ren Replace Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"4902_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.11.015","volume":"55","author":"M Fahim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fahim M, Hawley CM, McDonald SP, et al. Culture-Negative Peritonitis in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients in Australia: Predictors, Treatment, and Outcomes in 435 Cases. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55(4):690\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.11.015.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4902_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03389-7","volume":"24","author":"K Chienwichai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chienwichai K, Sangaew S, Chuachanpipat L, Chang A. Comparison of clinical outcomes between culture-negative and positive peritonitis in patients undergoing maintenance peritoneal dialysis: a prospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2023;24(1):340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-023-03389-7.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4902_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2015.00203","volume":"36","author":"H Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu H, Huang R, Yi C, et al. Risk Factors for Early-Onset Peritonitis in Southern Chinese Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Perit Dial Int. 2016;36(6):640\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3747\/pdi.2015.00203.","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"4902_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2006.00756.x","volume":"12","author":"D Kotsanas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kotsanas D, Polkinghorne KR, Korman TM, Atkins RC, Brown FG. Risk factors for peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis: can we reduce the incidence and improve patient selection? Nephrol (Carlton). 2007;12(3):239\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2006.00756.x.","journal-title":"Nephrol (Carlton)"},{"key":"4902_CR17","unstructured":"Terada K, Sumi Y, Aratani S, Hirama A, Kashiwagi T, Sakai Y. Smoking is a risk factor for endogenous peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis."},{"issue":"3","key":"4902_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(03)00790-X","volume":"42","author":"CC Szeto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Szeto CC, Wong TYH, Chow KM, Leung CB, Li PKT. The clinical course of culture-negative peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42(3):567\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0272-6386(03)00790-X.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"4902_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/08860220601098847","volume":"29","author":"KH Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen KH, Chang CT, Weng SM, et al. Culture-Negative Peritonitis: A Fifteen-Year Review. Ren Fail. 2007;29(2):177\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08860220601098847.","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"issue":"6","key":"4902_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608221117315","volume":"42","author":"P Ye","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ye P, Xie C, Wu C, et al. The application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing for detection of pathogens from dialysis effluent in peritoneal dialysis\u2013associated peritonitis. Perit Dial Int. 2022;42(6):585\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08968608221117315.","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"4902_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac164","volume":"15","author":"CC Szeto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Szeto CC, Ng JKC, Fung WWS, et al. Excessive risk and poor outcome of hospital-acquired peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Clin Kidney J. 2022;15(11):2107\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfac164.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-026-04902-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-026-04902-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-026-04902-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:27:50Z","timestamp":1777418870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12882-026-04902-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-026-04902-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Approval number: K25C2309). Informed consent was not sought for the present study because the study was retrospective, non-interventional, and did not involve identifiable patient information. This is approved by the ethics committee of PUMCH.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"266"}}