{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:04:08Z","timestamp":1780614248636,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":46,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007452","name":"Wu Jieping Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.320.6750.2023-06-45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.320.6750.2023-06-45"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-026-04989-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T20:39:54Z","timestamp":1776717594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multicenter study of the diagnostic value of erythrocyte morphology assessment by the EH-2090 for differentiation of glomerular and non-glomerular hematuria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Shaoqian","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renxiang","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangjia","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zikun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongfei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningjing","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4989_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001297","volume":"204","author":"DA Barocas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barocas DA, Boorjian SA, Alvarez RD, Downs TM, Gross CP, Hamilton BD, Kobashi KC, Lipman RR, Lotan Y, Ng CK, et al. Microhematuria: AUA\/SUFU Guideline. J Urol. 2020;204(4):778\u201386.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4989_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v4.i2.185","volume":"4","author":"C Yuste","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yuste C, Gutierrez E, Sevillano AM, Rubio-Navarro A, Amaro-Villalobos JM, Ortiz A, Egido J, Praga M, Moreno JA. Pathogenesis of glomerular haematuria. World J Nephrol. 2015;4(2):185\u201395.","journal-title":"World J Nephrol"},{"issue":"8147","key":"4989_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)92191-3","volume":"2","author":"DF Birch","year":"1979","unstructured":"Birch DF, Fairley KF. Haematuria: glomerular or non-glomerular? Lancet (London England). 1979;2(8147):845\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"issue":"8287","key":"4989_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)92451-5","volume":"1","author":"RG Fassett","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fassett RG, Horgan BA, Mathew TH. Detection of glomerular bleeding by phase-contrast microscopy. Lancet (London England). 1982;1(8287):1432\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4989_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1991.188","volume":"40","author":"H K\u00f6hler","year":"1991","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler H, Wandel E, Brunck B. Acanthocyturia\u2013a characteristic marker for glomerular bleeding. Kidney Int. 1991;40(1):115\u201320.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"4989_CR6","first-page":"84","volume":"37","author":"M Tomita","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tomita M, Kitamoto Y, Nakayama M, Sato T. A new morphological classification of urinary erythrocytes for differential diagnosis of glomerular hematuria. Clin Nephrol. 1992;37(2):84\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4989_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0178-8","volume":"16","author":"AA Satoskar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Satoskar AA, Parikh SV, Nadasdy T. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and outcomes of infection-associated glomerulonephritis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(1):32\u201350.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4989_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-01836-3","volume":"21","author":"A AlYousef","year":"2020","unstructured":"AlYousef A, AlSahow A, AlHelal B, Alqallaf A, Abdallah E, Abdellatif M, Nawar H, Elmahalawy R. Glomerulonephritis Histopathological Pattern Change. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):186.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"4989_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases. Kidney Int. 2021;100(4s):S1-s276.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.05.021"},{"issue":"1","key":"4989_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP96S09","volume":"96","author":"N Avgu\u0161tin Rotar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Avgu\u0161tin Rotar N, Jerman A, \u0160koberne A, Bor\u0161tnar \u0160, Kojc N, Lindi\u010d J. The predictive value of urinary erythrocyte morphology for proliferative glomerular kidney disease. Clin Nephrol. 2021;96(1):49\u201355.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"issue":"0301-0430","key":"4989_CR11","first-page":"78","volume":"20","author":"D. F. Birch","year":"1983","unstructured":"Birch DF, Fairley KF, Whitworth JA, Forbes I, Fairley JK, Cheshire GR, Ryan GB. Urinary erythrocyte morphology in the diagnosis of glomerular hematuria. Clinical nephrology 1983;20:78\u201384.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4989_CR12","first-page":"574","volume":"44","author":"Hematology and Fluidology Group CSoLM, Chinese Medical Association","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hematology and Fluidology Group CSoLM, Chinese Medical Association. Expert consensus on name and result report of urine formed elements[J]. Chin J Lab Med. 2021;44(7):574\u201386.","journal-title":"Chin J Lab Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"4989_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2024-0070","volume":"62","author":"TT Kouri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kouri TT, Hofmann W, Falbo R, Oyaert M, Schubert S, Gertsen JB, Merens A, Pestel-Caron M. The EFLM European Urinalysis Guideline 2023. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2024;62(9):1653\u2013786.","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4989_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316267","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2024.2316267","volume":"46","author":"T Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao T, Nong Z, Luo Y, Mo M, Chen Z, Yang Z, Pan L. Machine learning-based prediction of in-hospital mortality for critically ill patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Ren Fail. 2024;46(1):2316267.","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"4989_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102409","volume":"68","author":"J Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu J, Xu J, Li M, Jiang Z, Mao J, Feng L, Miao K, Li H, Chen J, Bai Z, et al. Identification and validation of an explainable prediction model of acute kidney injury with prognostic implications in critically ill children: a prospective multicenter cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;68:102409.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"4989_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad051","volume":"30","author":"EC Jang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jang EC, Park YM, Han HW, Lee CS, Kang ES, Lee YH, Nam SM. Machine-learning enhancement of urine dipstick tests for chronic kidney disease detection. J Am Med Inf Association: JAMIA. 2023;30(6):1114\u201324.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inf Association: JAMIA"},{"issue":"1","key":"4989_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2022.2056053","volume":"44","author":"Y Zou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zou Y, Zhao L, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wu Y, Ren H, Wang T, Zhang R, Wang J, Zhao Y, et al. Development and internal validation of machine learning algorithms for end-stage renal disease risk prediction model of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease. Ren Fail. 2022;44(1):562\u201370.","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"4989_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2021.104484","volume":"151","author":"X Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song X, Liu X, Liu F, Wang C. Comparison of machine learning and logistic regression models in predicting acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Med Informatics. 2021;151:104484.","journal-title":"Int J Med Informatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4989_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03179-9","volume":"24","author":"PY Tseng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tseng PY, Chen YT, Wang CH, Chiu KM, Peng YS, Hsu SP, Chen KL, Yang CY, Lee OK. Prediction of the development of acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery by machine learning. Crit Care (London England). 2020;24(1):478.","journal-title":"Crit Care (London England)"},{"issue":"3","key":"4989_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.02.022","volume":"80","author":"MK Saha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saha MK, Massicotte-Azarniouch D, Reynolds ML, Mottl AK, Falk RJ, Jennette JC, Derebail VK. Glomerular Hematuria and the Utility of Urine Microscopy: A Review. Am J kidney diseases: official J Natl Kidney Foundation. 2022;80(3):383\u201392.","journal-title":"Am J kidney diseases: official J Natl Kidney Foundation"},{"issue":"11","key":"4989_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00007","volume":"158","author":"PE Stevens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stevens PE, Levin A. Evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2012 clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(11):825\u201330.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4989_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.167.93","volume":"167","author":"Y Kitamoto","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kitamoto Y, Yide C, Tomita M, Sato T. The mechanism of glomerular dysmorphic red cell formation in the kidney. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1992;167(2):93\u2013105.","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"4989_CR23","first-page":"1113","volume":"40","author":"R F\u00fcnfst\u00fcck","year":"1994","unstructured":"F\u00fcnfst\u00fcck R, Halbhuber KJ, K\u00fchn B, K\u00fchn R, Oehring H, Scheven C, Linss W, Stein G. Dysmorphic erythrocytes in glomerulonephritis. 1. Electron microscopical and histochemical investigation. Cell Mol Biol. 1994;40(8):1113\u201324.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4989_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00457-6","volume":"11","author":"WS Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang WS. Automated urine sediment analyzers underestimate the severity of hematuria in glomerular diseases. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):20981.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"4989_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2021.1986856","volume":"81","author":"SJA Aper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aper SJA, Gijzen K, Luimstra JJ, van der Valk J, Russcher A, Ko\u00e7er RG, Liesting EC, Jacobs LHJ, Lentjes E, Demir AY. Evaluation of the Atellica(\u00ae) UAS 800: a new member of the automated urine sediment analyzer family. Scand J Clin Lab Investig. 2021;81(7):585\u201392.","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Investig"},{"issue":"5","key":"4989_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25159","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.25159","volume":"39","author":"AJ Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee AJ, Bang HI, Lee SM, Won D, Kang MS, Choi HJ, Lee IH, Jeon CH. Comparison of Urinary Red Blood Cell Distribution (URD) and Dysmorphic Red Blood Cells for Detecting Glomerular Hematuria: A Multicenter Study. J Clin Lab Anal. 2025;39(5):e25159.","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"4989_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho HA-OX, Yoo JA-O, Kim HA-OX, Jang HA-O, Kim YA-O, Chae HA-O. Diagnostic characteristics of urinary red blood cell distribution incorporated in UF-5000 for differentiation of glomerular and non-glomerular hematuria. 2022(2234\u20133814 (Electronic)).","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2022.42.2.160"},{"key":"4989_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morita Y, Yoshida T, Yokoyama R, Nakatsuka N, Hisasue T, Tanaka M, Ono Y, Shukuya K, Kurano M. Machine learning-based analysis of UF-5000 scattergrams improves the identification of urinary dysmorphic red blood cells. Ann Lab Med. 2025.","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2025.0227"},{"issue":"2","key":"4989_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-23-626","volume":"13","author":"L Bai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bai L, Xu Q, Wu Z. Performance analysis of urine formed element analyzer EH-2090 was found to have good accuracy in detecting RBCs and WBCs when compared to manual microscopic. Translational Androl Urol. 2024;13(2):218\u201329.","journal-title":"Translational Androl Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4989_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-24-189","volume":"13","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zheng X, Wang D, Fang F, Chen Y, Hong M, Wu J, Zhang C, Qiao Y, Izevbaye I, et al. Performance evaluation and clinical application of the UA-5600 automatic dry chemistry urine analyzer in renal diseases. Translational Androl Urol. 2024;13(6):1024\u201336.","journal-title":"Translational Androl Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4989_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0118432","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118432","volume":"10","author":"T Saito","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saito T, Rehmsmeier M. The precision-recall plot is more informative than the ROC plot when evaluating binary classifiers on imbalanced datasets. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3):e0118432.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4989_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986556","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.986556","volume":"9","author":"Y Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song Y, Yin Z, Zhang C, Hao S, Li H, Wang S, Yang X, Li Q, Zhuang D, Zhang X, et al. Random forest classifier improving phenylketonuria screening performance in two Chinese populations. Front Mol Biosci. 2022;9:986556.","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4989_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01361-7","volume":"28","author":"Y Jin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jin Y, Lan A, Dai Y, Jiang L, Liu S. Development and testing of a random forest-based machine learning model for predicting events among breast cancer patients with a poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):394.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"4989_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936854","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.936854","volume":"12","author":"TTS Chun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chun TTS, Ruan X, Ng SL, Wong HL, Ho BSH, Tsang CF, Lai TCT, Ng ATL, Ma WK, Lam WP, et al. The diagnostic value of rapid urine test platform UF-5000 for suspected urinary tract infection at the emergency department. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:936854.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4989_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.002","volume":"66","author":"R Millner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Millner R, Becknell B. Urinary Tract Infections. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2019;66(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-026-04989-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-026-04989-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-026-04989-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T22:18:24Z","timestamp":1780611504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12882-026-04989-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-026-04989-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, and was granted a waiver of informed consent. (ethical approval number: 2023\u2013275). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have agreed to publish this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"350"}}