{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:59:37Z","timestamp":1780880377380,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":45,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-026-05005-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T04:25:26Z","timestamp":1777004726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of a randomised controlled trial of Interventions to support Patient Activation for adults on hemoDialysis: the IPAD study protocol"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Edward","family":"Zimbudzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Fraginal-Hitchcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiumian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lelise","family":"Gute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asha","family":"Blessan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shari","family":"Ziganay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevan R.","family":"Polkinghorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"5005_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv128","volume":"71","author":"N Garin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garin N, Koyanagi A, Chatterji S, Tyrovolas S, Olaya B, Leonardi M, Lara E, Koskinen S, Tobiasz-Adamczyk B, Ayuso-Mateos JL. Global multimorbidity patterns: a cross-sectional, population-based, multi-country study. Journals Gerontol Ser A: Biomedical Sci Med Sci. 2016;71:205\u201314.","journal-title":"Journals Gerontol Ser A: Biomedical Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"5005_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-020-01230-w","volume":"21","author":"JR John","year":"2020","unstructured":"John JR, Tannous WK, Jones A. Outcomes of a 12-month patient-centred medical home model in improving patient activation and self-management behaviours among primary care patients presenting with chronic diseases in Sydney, Australia: a before-and-after study. BMC Fam Pract. 2020;21:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"5005_CR3","unstructured":"A care model for elderly hip-fractured persons with cognitive impairment and their family caregivers. 2019."},{"key":"5005_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2012.1061","volume":"32","author":"JH Hibbard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hibbard JH, Greene J. What the evidence shows about patient activation: better health outcomes and care experiences; fewer data on costs. Health Aff (Millwood). 2013;32:207\u201314.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"5005_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfu128","volume":"8","author":"S Fishbane","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fishbane S, Hazzan AD, Halinski C, Mathew AT. Challenges and opportunities in late-stage chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J. 2015;8:54\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"5005_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-393","volume":"14","author":"M Hendriks","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hendriks M, Rademakers J. Relationships between patient activation, disease-specific knowledge and health outcomes among people with diabetes; a survey study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:393.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"5005_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1931-2","volume":"27","author":"J Greene","year":"2012","unstructured":"Greene J, Hibbard JH. Why does patient activation matter? An examination of the relationships between patient activation and health-related outcomes. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27:520\u20136.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"5005_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1843-2","volume":"16","author":"A Blakemore","year":"2016","unstructured":"Blakemore A, Hann M, Howells K, Panagioti M, Sidaway M, Reeves D, Bower P. Patient activation in older people with long-term conditions and multimorbidity: correlates and change in a cohort study in the United Kingdom. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16:582.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"5005_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2012.1409","volume":"32","author":"J Greene","year":"2013","unstructured":"Greene J, Hibbard JH, Sacks R, Overton V. When seeing the same physician, highly activated patients have better care experiences than less activated patients. Health Aff (Millwood). 2013;32:1299\u2013305.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"5005_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0126400","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126400","volume":"10","author":"I Bos-Touwen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bos-Touwen I, Schuurmans M, Monninkhof EM, Korpershoek Y, Spruit-Bentvelzen L, Ertugrul-van der Graaf I, de Wit N, Trappenburg J. Patient and disease characteristics associated with activation for self-management in patients with diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure and chronic renal disease: a cross-sectional survey study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0126400.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5005_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/jorc.12142","volume":"42","author":"ML Johnson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johnson ML, Zimmerman L, Welch JL, Hertzog M, Pozehl B, Plumb T. Patient activation with knowledge, self-management and confidence in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Care. 2016;42:15\u201322.","journal-title":"J Ren Care"},{"key":"5005_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2015.1087908","volume":"31","author":"T Washington","year":"2016","unstructured":"Washington T, Zimmerman S, Browne T. Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease Self-Management. Social Work Public Health. 2016;31:58\u201369.","journal-title":"Social Work Public Health"},{"key":"5005_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.05.002","volume":"27","author":"KL Campbell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Campbell KL, Ash S, Bauer JD. The impact of nutrition intervention on quality of life in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:537\u201344.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"5005_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3560","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr047","volume":"26","author":"SH Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen SH, Tsai YF, Sun CY, Wu IW, Lee CC, Wu MS. The impact of self-management support on the progression of chronic kidney disease\u2013a prospective randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2011;26:3560\u20136.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"key":"5005_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.4040\/jkan.2012.42.7.1070","volume":"42","author":"ES Choi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Choi ES, Lee J. Effects of a face-to-face self-management program on knowledge, self-care practice and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease before the renal replacement therapy. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2012;42:1070\u20138.","journal-title":"J Korean Acad Nurs"},{"key":"5005_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2010.03.009","volume":"21","author":"M Flesher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Flesher M, Woo P, Chiu A, Charlebois A, Warburton DE, Leslie B. Self-management and biomedical outcomes of a cooking, and exercise program for patients with chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21:188\u201395.","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"5005_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2008.02348.x","volume":"17","author":"M Yen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yen M, Huang JJ, Teng HL. Education for patients with chronic kidney disease in Taiwan: a prospective repeated measures study. J Clin Nurs. 2008;17:2927\u201334.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"5005_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000604","volume":"5","author":"E Zimbudzi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zimbudzi E. Does Patient Activation Reduce Mortality Risk in Patients Receiving Chronic Hemodialysis? Kidney360. 2024;5:1599\u2013600.","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"5005_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.07.015","volume":"79","author":"WF Hussein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hussein WF, Bennett PN, Abra G, Watson E, Schiller B. Integrating Patient Activation Into Dialysis Care. Am J Kidney Dis. 2022;79:105\u201312.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"5005_CR20","volume-title":"National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research","author":"National Health and Medical Research Council","year":"2023","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council. National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research. Canberra: Australian Government; 2023."},{"key":"5005_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2005.00438.x","volume":"40","author":"JH Hibbard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hibbard JH, Mahoney ER, Stockard J, Tusler M. Development and testing of a short form of the patient activation measure. Health Serv Res. 2005;40:1918\u201330.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"5005_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2004.00269.x","volume":"39","author":"JH Hibbard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hibbard JH, Stockard J, Mahoney ER, Tusler M. Development of the Patient Activation Measure (PAM): conceptualizing and measuring activation in patients and consumers. Health Serv Res. 2004;39:1005\u201326.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"5005_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-577","volume":"12","author":"J Rademakers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rademakers J, Nijman J, van der Hoek L, Heijmans M, Rijken M. Measuring patient activation in the Netherlands: translation and validation of the American short form Patient Activation Measure (PAM13). BMC Public Health. 2012;12:577.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5005_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-015-0232-9","volume":"15","author":"G Graffigna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Graffigna G, Barello S, Bonanomi A, Lozza E, Hibbard J. Measuring patient activation in Italy: Translation, adaptation and validation of the Italian version of the patient activation measure 13 (PAM13-I). BMC Med Inf Decis Mak. 2015;15:109.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inf Decis Mak"},{"key":"5005_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2025.04.044","volume":"10","author":"TJ Wilkinson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wilkinson TJ, Nair D, Smith AC, Sohansoha GK, Ford EC, Vadaszy N, Graham-Brown M, Lightfoot CJ. The Minimal Clinically Important Difference for the Patient Activation Measure. Kidney Int Rep. 2025;10:2275\u201383.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"5005_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463717734015","volume":"12","author":"JK Anderson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anderson JK, Wallace LM. Evaluation of uptake and effect on patient-reported outcomes of a clinician and patient co-led chronic musculoskeletal pain self-management programme provided by the UK National Health Service. Br J Pain. 2018;12:104\u201312.","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"5005_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.13013","volume":"26","author":"WF Hussein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hussein WF, Bennett PN, Carrasco A, Sun S, Reiterman M, Watson E, Schiller B. Changes in patient activation in people starting dialysis: A prospective longitudinal, observational study. Hemodial Int. 2022;26:435\u201348.","journal-title":"Hemodial Int"},{"key":"5005_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13859","volume":"26","author":"E Zimbudzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zimbudzi E, Lo C, Ranasinha S, Usherwood T, Polkinghorne KR, Fulcher G, Gallagher M, Jan S, Cass A, Walker R, Russell G, Johnson G, Kerr PG, Zoungas S. A codesigned integrated kidney and diabetes model of care improves patient activation among patients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Health Expect. 2023;26:2584\u201393.","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"key":"5005_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/10376178.2023.2262064","volume":"59","author":"E Zimbudzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zimbudzi E, Fraginal D. Experiences of redeployment by haemodialysis nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Contemp Nurse. 2023;59:377\u201391.","journal-title":"Contemp Nurse"},{"key":"5005_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-020-10045-4","volume":"17","author":"BE Bierer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bierer BE, White SA, Barnes JM, Gelinas L. Ethical Challenges in Clinical Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Bioethical Inq. 2020;17:717\u201322.","journal-title":"J Bioethical Inq"},{"key":"5005_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06385-8","volume":"23","author":"EC O\u2019Brien","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien EC, Sugarman J, Weinfurt KP, Larson EB, Heagerty PJ, Hernandez AF, Curtis LH. The impact of COVID-19 on pragmatic clinical trials: lessons learned from the NIH Health Care Systems Research Collaboratory. Trials. 2022;23:424.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"5005_CR32","first-page":"589","volume":"46","author":"HTV Zomahoun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zomahoun HTV, Guenette L, Gregoire J-P, Lauzier S, Lawani AM, Ferdynus C, Huiart L, Moisan J. Effectiveness of motivational interviewing interventions on medication adherence in adults with chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:589\u2013602.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-026-05005-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-026-05005-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-026-05005-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:45:47Z","timestamp":1780879547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12882-026-05005-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-026-05005-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8818753\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Research ethics approval was obtained through the Monash Health Human Research Ethics Committee (Monash Health Ref: 17-0000-577 A). The research was conducted in accordance with National Health and Medical Research Council Act 1992 and the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research [\n                      \n                      ]. All methods were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Written consent was obtained prior to conducting the research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"356"}}