{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:13:44Z","timestamp":1788783224379,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":80,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-026-05140-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:24:26Z","timestamp":1781886266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of OMEGA-3 fatty acid in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Hafiz Bilal","family":"Ahmed Jilani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burhan Mazhar","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anas","family":"Rasool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayan","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Shaharyar","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaikh Muhammad","family":"Daniyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna Amir","family":"Jalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alishba","family":"Arfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaid Abdul","family":"Samad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hammad","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junaid","family":"Jalaluddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romal","family":"Jabarkhil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10518","key":"5140_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01853-7","volume":"406","author":"PB Mark","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mark PB, Stafford LK, Grams ME, Aalruz H, ElHafeez SA, Abdelgalil AA, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease in adults, 1990\u20132023, and its attributable risk factors: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Lancet. 2025;406(10518):2461\u201382.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"5140_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz005","volume":"35","author":"B Canaud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Canaud B, K\u00f6hler K, Sichart JM, M\u00f6ller S. Global prevalent use, trends and practices in haemodiafiltration. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2020;35(3):398\u2013407.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"issue":"5","key":"5140_CR3","first-page":"473","volume":"102","author":"JE Burmeister","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burmeister JE, Mosmann CB, Costa VB, Saraiva RT, Grandi RR, Bastos JP, et al. Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Hemodialysis Patients - The CORDIAL Study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(5):473\u201380.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5140_CR4","first-page":"1136","volume":"9","author":"JH Brown","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brown JH, Hunt LP, Vites NP, Short CD, Gokal R, Mallick NP. Comparative mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc -. Eur Ren Assoc. 1994;9(8):1136\u201342.","journal-title":"Eur Ren Assoc"},{"key":"5140_CR5","unstructured":"Baik M, Jeon J, Yoo J, Nam HS, Heo JH, Kim J, et al. Risk of cardiovascular events following hemodialysis initiation: a self-controlled case series study. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2024."},{"issue":"5","key":"5140_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2017.02.010","volume":"1862","author":"T Inoue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Inoue T, Tanaka M, Masuda S, Ohue-Kitano R, Yamakage H, Muranaka K, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress the inflammatory responses of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse microglia by activating SIRT1 pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2017;1862(5):552\u201360.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids"},{"key":"5140_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labont\u00e9 M\u00c8, Dewailly E, Lucas M, Couture P, Lamarche B. Association of red blood cell n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with plasma inflammatory biomarkers among the Quebec Cree population. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Sept;68(9):1042\u20137.","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.125"},{"key":"5140_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin YL, Wang CL, Liu KL, Yeh CN, Chiang TI. Omega-3 fatty acids improve chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus and inflammation. Med Kaunas Lith. 2022 June;13(6):796.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58060796"},{"issue":"2","key":"5140_CR9","first-page":"358","volume":"39","author":"VM Saglimbene","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saglimbene VM, Wong G, van Zwieten A, Palmer SC, Ruospo M, Natale P, et al. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in patients with chronic kidney disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl. 2020;39(2):358\u201368.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl"},{"issue":"3","key":"5140_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/08860220601184092","volume":"29","author":"Z Rasic-Milutinovic","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rasic-Milutinovic Z, Perunicic G, Pljesa S, Gluvic Z, Sobajic S, Djuric I, et al. Effects of N-3 PUFAs supplementation on insulin resistance and inflammatory biomarkers in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail. 2007;29(3):321\u20139.","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"5140_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lok CE, Farkouh M, Hemmelgarn BR, et al. Fish-oil supplementation and cardiovascular events in patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2025;7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2513032.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2513032"},{"key":"5140_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 1st ed. Wiley; 2019.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"5140_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2700","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","volume":"339","author":"A Liberati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"5140_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","volume":"5","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5:210.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"5140_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"5140_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brown HK, Kempton RA. The application of REML in clinical trials. Stat Med. 1994;13(16):1601-17. PMID: 7973237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.4780131602.","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780131602"},{"issue":"2","key":"5140_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500584","volume":"60","author":"Z Asemi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Asemi Z, Soleimani A, Bahmani F, et al. Effect of the omega-3 fatty acid plus vitamin E supplementation on subjective global assessment score, glucose metabolism, and lipid concentrations in chronic hemodialysis patients. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2016;60(2):390\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.201500584.","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5140_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2006.07.009","volume":"17","author":"RG Bowden","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bowden RG, Wilson RL, Gentile M, Ounpraseuth S, Moore P, Leutholtz BC. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on vascular access thrombosis in polytetrafluorethylene grafts. J Ren Nutr. 2007;17(2):126\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jrn.2006.07.009.","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"5140_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S28739","volume":"8","author":"ZA Daud","year":"2012","unstructured":"Daud ZA, Tubie B, Adams J, et al. Effects of protein and omega-3 supplementation, provided during regular dialysis sessions, on nutritional and inflammatory indices in hemodialysis patients. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2012;8:187\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/VHRM.S28739.","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"5140_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1159\/000186022","volume":"55","author":"CJ Diskin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Diskin CJ, Thomas CE, Zellner CP, Lock S, Tanja J. Fish oil to prevent intimal hyperplasia and access thrombosis. Nephron. 1990;55(4):445\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000186022.","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"5140_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gharekhani A, Khatami MR, Dashti-Khavidaki S, et al. Potential effects of omega-3 fatty acids on anemia and inflammatory markers in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Daru. 2014;22(1):11. Published 2014 Jan 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2008-2231-22-11.","DOI":"10.1186\/2008-2231-22-11"},{"issue":"2","key":"5140_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu283","volume":"30","author":"AM Hung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hung AM, Booker C, Ellis CD, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit the up-regulation of endothelial chemokines in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2015;30(2):266\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfu283.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"issue":"2","key":"5140_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.8029","volume":"177","author":"AB Irish","year":"2017","unstructured":"Irish AB, Viecelli AK, Hawley CM, et al. Effect of Fish Oil Supplementation and Aspirin Use on Arteriovenous Fistula Failure in Patients Requiring Hemodialysis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(2):184\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.8029.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5140_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1515\/rjim-2016-0031","volume":"54","author":"M Jabbari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jabbari M, Khoshnevis T, Jenabi A, Yousefi F. The Effect of Omega-3 Supplement on Serum Lipid Profile in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Rom J Intern Med. 2016;54(4):222\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/rjim-2016-0031.","journal-title":"Rom J Intern Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"5140_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.3473","volume":"307","author":"CE Lok","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lok CE, Moist L, Hemmelgarn BR, et al. Effect of fish oil supplementation on graft patency and cardiovascular events among patients with new synthetic arteriovenous hemodialysis grafts: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;307(17):1809\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2012.3473.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"5140_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V131184","volume":"13","author":"PG Schmitz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schmitz PG, McCloud LK, Reikes ST, Leonard CL, Gellens ME. Prophylaxis of hemodialysis graft thrombosis with fish oil: double-blind, randomized, prospective trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(1):184\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.V131184.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5140_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00630206","volume":"1","author":"M Svensson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Svensson M, Schmidt EB, J\u00f8rgensen KA, Christensen JH, OPACH Study Group. N-3 fatty acids as secondary prevention against cardiovascular events in patients who undergo chronic hemodialysis: a randomized, placebo-controlled intervention trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(4):780\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.00630206.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"5140_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nasu M, Seino K, Tamura Y, Suzuki M, Iwabuchi Y, Maeda N, End M, Yamauchi F, Ohsawa M. Eicosapentaenoic acid restrains the development of the cardiovascular events independent of triglyceride and C-reactive protein reduction in Japanese hemodialysis patients. Eur Heart J. 2013 Aug 1;34(Suppl 1):P1428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht308.P1428.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht308.P1428"},{"key":"5140_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mailloux LU, Bellucci AG, Wilkes BM, Napolitano B, Mossey RT, Lesser M, Bluestone PA. Mortality in dialysis patients: analysis of the causes of death. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991;18(3):326\u2009\u2013\u200935. PMID: 1882824.\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0272-6386(12)80091-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0272-6386(12)80091-6"},{"key":"5140_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kang SS, Chang JW, Park Y. Nutritional status predicts 10-year mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Nutrients 2017, 9, 399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9040399.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040399"},{"key":"5140_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-10-2","volume":"10","author":"KB Filion","year":"2010","unstructured":"Filion KB, El Khoury F, Bielinski M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids in high-risk cardiovascular patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2010;10:24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2261-10-2.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"5140_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.02.022","volume":"41","author":"G Markozannes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Markozannes G, Ntzani EE, Tsapas A, Mantzoros CS, Tsiara S, Xanthos T, Karpettas N, Patrikios I, Rizos EC. Dose-related meta-analysis for Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on major adverse cardiovascular events. Clin Nutr. 2022;41(4):923\u201330. Epub 2022 Mar 4. PMID:35290840.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"5140_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1159\/000343741","volume":"36","author":"N Allon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Allon N, Friedman Z, Yu R, Tabbey C, Denski H, Tamez J, Wenger R, Thadhani Y, Li BA. Watkins; Low Blood Levels of Long-Chain n\u20133 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in US Hemodialysis Patients: Clinical Implications. Am J Nephrol 1 November. 2012;36(5):451\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000343741.","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol 1 November"},{"issue":"2","key":"5140_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000075809","volume":"27","author":"G Tsirpanlis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tsirpanlis G, Bagos P, Ioannou D, Bleta A, Marinou I, Lagouranis A, Chatzipanagiotou S, Nicolaou C. Exploring inflammation in hemodialysis patients: persistent and superimposed inflammation. A longitudinal study. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2004;27(2):63\u201370. Epub 2003 Dec 23. PMID:14691348.","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res"},{"key":"5140_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuo TH, Tseng CT, Lin WH, Chao JY, Wang WM, Li MS, Wang CY, Ming-Cheng. Association between vascular access dysfunction and subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events in patients on hemodialysis: a population-based nested case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(26):e1032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000001032.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001032"},{"issue":"1","key":"5140_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5301\/jva.5000610","volume":"18","author":"T Soleymanian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soleymanian T, Sheikh V, Tareh F, Argani H, Ossareh S. Hemodialysis vascular access and clinical outcomes: an observational multicenter study. J Vasc Access. 2016;18(1):35\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/jva.5000610.","journal-title":"J Vasc Access"},{"issue":"4A","key":"5140_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.12.026","volume":"98","author":"JG Robinson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robinson JG, Stone NJ. Antiatherosclerotic and antithrombotic effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98(4A):i39\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.12.026.\u00a0Epub 2006 May 30. PMID: 16919516.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"5140_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-004-0087-5","volume":"6","author":"TA Mori","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mori TA, Beilin LJ. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammation. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2004;6:461\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11883-004-0087-5.","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"5140_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.006","volume":"221","author":"Q Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang Q, Liang X, Wang L, Lu X, Huang J, Cao J, Li H, Gu D. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on endothelial function: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis. 2012;221(2):536\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.006. Epub 2012 Jan 20. PMID: 22317966.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"5140_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings2023091199","volume":"91","author":"M Dinu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dinu M, Lotti S, Mattioli AV, Gensini GF, Ambrosio G, Sofi F. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Revascularization and Major Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Proceedings. 2023;91:199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/proceedings2023091199.","journal-title":"Proceedings"},{"key":"5140_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-010-9243-1","volume":"4","author":"ES Richardson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richardson ES, Iaizzo PA, Xiao YF. Electrophysiological Mechanisms of the Anti-arrhythmic Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. J Cardiovasc Trans Res. 2011;4:42\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12265-010-9243-1.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Trans Res"},{"key":"5140_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100997","volume":"38","author":"SU Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan SU, Lone AN, Khan MS, Virani SS, Blumenthal RS, Nasir K, Miller M, Michos ED, Ballantyne CM, Boden WE, Bhatt DL. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;38:100997. PMID: 34505026; PMCID: PMC8413259.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-026-05140-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-026-05140-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-026-05140-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:04:51Z","timestamp":1788782691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12882-026-05140-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-026-05140-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study used publicly available and de-identified data. Hence, ethical approval was not required for this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Patient consent is not required for the publication of this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"527"}}