{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T05:22:14Z","timestamp":1789881734967,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council (GB)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0902257\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0902257\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005058","name":"NED University of Engineering and Technology (PK)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u115f"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u115f"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0445-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T17:56:53Z","timestamp":1444759013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["The mechanism of neurofeedback training for treatment of central neuropathic pain in paraplegia: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Abul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard A.","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Vuckovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"445_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(02)00074-1","volume":"1","author":"H Floor","year":"2002","unstructured":"Floor H. Phantom-limb pain: characteristics, causes, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2002;1:182\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"445_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00452-9","volume":"103","author":"PJ Siddall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Siddall PJ, McClelland JM, Rutkowski SB, Cousins MJ. A longitudinal study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first 5\u00a0years following spinal cord injury. Pain. 2003;103:249\u201357.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"445_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2004.11.005","volume":"9","author":"A Osterberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Osterberg A, Boivie J, Thuomas KA. Central pain in multiple sclerosis-prevalence and clinical characteristics. Eur J Pain. 2005;9:531\u201342.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"445_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.12.004","volume":"141","author":"AG Beiske","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beiske AG, Loge JH, R\u00f8nningen A, Svensson E. Pain in Parkinson's disease: Prevalence and characteristics. Pain. 2009;141:173\u20137.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"445_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00144-4","volume":"61","author":"G Andersen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Andersen G, Vestergaard K, Ingeman-Nielsen M, Jensen TS. Incidence of central post-stroke pain. Pain. 1995;61:187\u201393.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"445_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-443-07287-6\/50073-4","volume-title":"Wall and Melzack\u2019s Textbook of pain","author":"M Bakonja","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bakonja M, Rowbotham MC. Pharmacological therapy for neuropathic pain. In: McMahom SB, Koltzenburg M, editors. Wall and Melzack\u2019s Textbook of pain. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2006. p. 1075\u201383."},{"key":"445_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.12","volume":"10","author":"MP Jensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jensen MP, Day MA, Mir\u00f3 J. Neuromodulatory treatments for chronic pain: efficacy and mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10:167\u201378.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"445_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.07.003","volume":"1","author":"JP Lefaucheur","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lefaucheur JP, Antal A, Ahdab R, Ciampi de Andrade D, Fregni F, Khedr EM, et al. The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to relieve pain. Brain Stimul. 2008;1:337\u201344.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"445_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.03.010","volume":"10","author":"A Leung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leung A, Donohue M, Xu R, Lee R, Lefaucheur JP, Khedr EM, et al. rTMS for suppressing neuropathic pain: a meta-analysis. J Pain. 2009;10:1205\u201316.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"445_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.03.010","volume":"520","author":"KB Jensen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jensen KB, Berna C, Loggia ML, Wasan AD, Edwards RR, Gollub RL. The use of functional neuroimaging to evaluate psychological and other non-pharmacological treatments for clinical pain. Neurosci Lett. 2012;520:156\u201364.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"445_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-404706-8.00005-X","volume":"107","author":"JP Lefaucheur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lefaucheur JP. Neurophysiology of cortical stimulation. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2012;107:57\u201385.","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"445_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.11.037","volume":"54","author":"S Niv","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niv S. Clinical efficacy and potential mechanisms of neurofeedback. Pers Ind Diff. 2013;54:676\u201386.","journal-title":"Pers Ind Diff"},{"key":"445_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1300\/J184v11n01_04","volume":"11","author":"MP Jensen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jensen MP, Grierson C, Tracy-Smith V, Bacigalupi SC, Othmer S. Neurofeedback Treatment for Pain Associated with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I. J Neurother. 2007;11:45\u201353.","journal-title":"J Neurother"},{"key":"445_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-010-9135-9","volume":"35","author":"S Kayiran","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kayiran S, Dursun E, Dursun N, Ermutlu N, Karam\u00fcrsel S. Neurofeedback intervention in fibromyalgia syndrome; a randomized, controlled, rather blind clinical trial. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2010;35:293\u2013302.","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"445_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/155005941104200112","volume":"42","author":"JE Walker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walker JE. QEEG-guided neurofeedback for recurrent migraine headaches. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2011;42:59\u201361.","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"key":"445_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-013-9214-9","volume":"38","author":"MP Jensen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jensen MP, Gertz KJ, Kupper AE, Braden AL, Howe JD, Hakimian S, et al. Steps toward developing an EEG biofeedback treatment for chronic pain. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2013;38:101\u20138.","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"445_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh631","volume":"129","author":"J Sarnthein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sarnthein J, Stern J, Aufenberg C, Rousson V, Jeanmonod D. Increased EEG power and slowed dominant frequency in patients with neurogenic pain. Brain. 2006;129:55\u201364.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"445_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102077","volume":"46","author":"P Boord","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boord P, Siddall PJ, Tran Y, Herbert D, Middleton J, Craig A. Electroencephalographic slowing and reduced reactivity in neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2008;46:118\u201323.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"445_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp205","volume":"2","author":"SM Gustin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gustin SM, Wrigley PJ, Siddall PJ, Henderson LA. Brain anatomy changes associated with persistent neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. Cereb Cortex. 2010;2:1409\u201319.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"445_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.10.007","volume":"141","author":"PJ Wrigley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wrigley PJ, Press SR, Gustin SM, Macefield VG, Gandevia SC, Cousins MJ, et al. Neuropathic pain and primary somatosensory cortex reorganizationfollowing spinal cord injury. Pain. 2009;141:52\u20139.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"445_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.12.001","volume":"148","author":"SM Gustin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gustin SM, Wrigley PJ, Henderson LA, Siddall PJ. Brain circuitry underlying pain inresponse to imagined movement in people with spinal cord injury. Pain. 2010;148:438\u201345.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"445_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.02.005","volume":"15","author":"A Vuckovic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vuckovic A, Hassan MA, Fraser M, Conway B, Nasseroleslami B, Allan DB. Dynamic oscillatory signatures of central neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury. J Pain. 2014;15:645\u201355.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"445_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2003.11754575","volume":"26","author":"RJ Marion","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marion RJ, Barros T, Biering-Sorensen F, Burns SP, Donovan WH, Graves DE, et al. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2013;26:50\u20136.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"445_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2003.12.005","volume":"5","author":"G Tan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tan G, Jensen MP, Thornby JI, Shanti BF. Validation of the brief pain inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain. 2004;5:133\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"445_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00349-9","volume":"94","author":"JT Farrar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Farrar JT, Young Jr JP, LaMoreaux L, Werth JL, Poole RM. Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale. Pain. 2001;94:149\u201358.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"445_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200604000-00006","volume":"23","author":"American Clinical Neurophysiology Society","year":"2006","unstructured":"American Clinical Neurophysiology Society. Guideline 5 (2006) Guidelines for standard electrode position nomenclature. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;23:107\u201310.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"445_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.84","volume":"51","author":"MP Jensen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jensen MP, Sherlin LH, Gertz KJ, Braden AL, Kupper AE, Gianas A. Brain EEG activity correlates of chronic pain in persons with spinal cord injury: clinical implications. Spinal Cord. 2013;51:55\u20138.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"445_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374534-7.00016-2","volume-title":"Introduction to QEEG and neurofeedback","author":"VL Ibric","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ibric VL, Dragomirescu LG. Neurofeedback in pain management. In: Budzynski TH, Budzynski HK, Evans JR, Abarbanel A, editors. Introduction to QEEG and neurofeedback. Burlington, MA: Elsevier; 2009. p. 417\u201352."},{"key":"445_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.03.040","volume":"154","author":"N Bolognini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bolognini N, Olgiati E, Maravita A, Ferraro F, Fregni F. Motor and parietal cortex stimulation for phantom limb pain and sensations. Pain. 2013;154:1274\u201380.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"445_CR30","first-page":"5","volume":"24","author":"RD Pascual-Marqui","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pascual-Marqui RD. Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sloreta): technical details. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2002;24:5\u201312.","journal-title":"Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"445_CR31","first-page":"3341","volume":"0710","author":"RD Pascual-Marqui","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pascual-Marqui RD. Discrete, 3D distributed, linear imaging methods of electric neuronal activity. part 1: Exact, zero error localization. arXiv. 2007;0710:3341.","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"445_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1058","volume":"15","author":"TE Nichols","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nichols TE, Holmes AP. Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging, a primer with examples. Hum Brain Mapp. 2002;15:1\u201325.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"445_CR33","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Basic principles, clinical applications and related fields","author":"E Niedermeyer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Niedermeyer E. The normal EEG of walking adult In Electroencephalography. In: Niedermeyer E, da Silva L, editors. Basic principles, clinical applications and related fields. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2005. p. 167\u201392."},{"key":"445_CR34","first-page":"65","volume":"154","author":"K Hosomi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hosomi K, Shimokawa T, Ikoma K, Sugiyama K, Ugawa Y, Uozumi T, et al. Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of primary motor cortex for neuropathic pain: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, crossover, sham-controlled trial. Pain. 2013;154:65\u201372.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"445_CR35","first-page":"701","volume-title":"Electroencephalography, basic principle, clinical applications and related fields","author":"G Bauer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bauer G, Bauer R. EEG, drug effects and central neural system poisoning. In: Niedermeyer E, da Silva L, editors. Electroencephalography, basic principle, clinical applications and related fields. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 701\u201323."},{"key":"445_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000247138.85330.88","volume":"67","author":"JP Lefaucheur","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lefaucheur JP, Hatem S, Nineb A, M\u00e9nard-Lefaucheur I, Wendling S, Keravel Y, et al. Somatotopic organization of the analgesic effects of motor cortex rTMS in neuropathic pain. Neurology. 2006;67:1998\u20132004.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"445_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4123-07.2008","volume":"28","author":"MN Baliki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baliki MN, Geha PY, Apkarian AV, Chialvo DR. Beyond feeling: chronic pain hurts the brain, disrupting the default-mode network dynamics. J Neurosci. 2008;28:1398\u2013403.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"445_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.05.001","volume":"11","author":"MP Jensen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jensen MP. A neurophysiological model of pain: research and clinical implications. J Pain. 2010;11:2\u201312.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"445_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt211","volume":"136","author":"JA Hashmi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hashmi JA, Baliki MN, Huang L, Baria AT, Torbey S, Hermann KM, et al. Shape shifting pain: chronification of back pain shifts brain representation from nociceptive to emotional circuits. Brain. 2013;136:2751\u201368.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"51","key":"445_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18626","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505210102","volume":"102","author":"RC deCharms","year":"2005","unstructured":"deCharms RC, Maeda F, Glover GH, Ludlow D, Pauly JM, Soneji D, et al. Control over brain activation and pain learned by using real-time functional MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(51):18626\u201331.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"445_CR41","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Neuroscience, exploring the brain","author":"MF Bear","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bear MF, Connors BW, Paradiso MA. The somatic sensory system. In: Bear MF, Connors BW, Paradiso MA, editors. Neuroscience, exploring the brain. Baltimore: Lippincott: Williams and Wilkins; 2007. p. 287\u2013422."},{"key":"445_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn894","volume":"3","author":"AD Craig","year":"2002","unstructured":"Craig AD. How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002;3:655\u201366.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"445_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/00207140902881007","volume":"57","author":"MP Jensen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jensen MP, Barber J, Romano JM, Hanley MA, Raichle KA, Molton IR, et al. Effects of Self-Hypnosis Training and Emg Biofeedback Relaxation Training on Chronic Pain in Persons with Spinal-Cord Injury. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2009;57:239\u201368.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Hypn"},{"key":"445_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pra.0000416014.53215.86","volume":"18","author":"WR Marchand","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marchand WR. Mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and zen meditation for depression, anxiety, pain, and psychological distress. J Psychiatr Pract. 2012;18:233\u201352.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"key":"445_CR45","first-page":"8:25","volume":"18","author":"AK Thompson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thompson AK, Wolpaw JR. Operant conditioning of spinal reflexes: from basic science to clinical therapy. Front Integr Neurosci. 2014;18:8:25.","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"445_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2004.07.003","volume":"34","author":"JP Lefaucheur","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lefaucheur JP, F\u00e9nelon G, M\u00e9nard-Lefaucheur I, Wendling S, Nguyen JP. Low-frequency repetitive TMS of premotor cortex can reduce painful axial spasms in generalized secondary dystonia: a pilot study of three patients. Neurophysiol Clin. 2004;34:141\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-015-0445-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]],"date-time":"2017-06-23T17:13:31Z","timestamp":1498238011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.biomedcentral.com\/1471-2377\/15\/200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-015-0445-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]]},"article-number":"200"}}