{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:35:09Z","timestamp":1789655709927,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-018-1194-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T04:20:35Z","timestamp":1541996435000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with extensive cytotoxic edema after blood transfusion: a case report and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yoshitsugu","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masakazu","family":"Sugino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Tsukahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroko","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomune","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeki","family":"Arawaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1194_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602223340803","volume":"334","author":"J Hinchey","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hinchey J, Chaves C, Appignani B, Breen J, Pao L, Wang A, et al. A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:494\u2013500.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1194_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00111-8","volume":"14","author":"JE Fugate","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fugate JE, Rabinstein AA. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: clinical and radiological manifestations, pathophysiology, and outstanding questions. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:914\u201325.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1194_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03629.x","volume":"19","author":"TG Liman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liman TG, Bohner G, Heuschmann PU, Scheel M, Endres M, Siebert E. Clinical and radiological differences in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome between patients with preeclampsia-eclampsia and other predisposing diseases. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:935\u201343.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"1194_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.12659\/PJR.893460","volume":"80","author":"A Wagih","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wagih A, Mohsen L, Rayan MM, Hasan MM, Al-Sherif AH. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): restricted diffusion does not necessarily mean irreversibility. Pol J Radiol. 2015;80:210\u20136.","journal-title":"Pol J Radiol"},{"key":"1194_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2010.07.023","volume":"112","author":"MM Burnett","year":"2010","unstructured":"Burnett MM, Hess CP, Roberts JP, Bass NM, Douglas VC, Josephson SA. Presentation of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in patients on calcineurin inhibitors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010;112:886\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"1194_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.4.1174","volume":"49","author":"Y Ito","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ito Y, Niwa H, Iida T, Nagamatsu M, Yasuda T, Yanagi T, et al. Post-transfusion reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome with cerebral vasoconstriction. Neurology. 1997;49:1174\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1194_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-0940-4","volume":"250","author":"A Boughammoura","year":"2003","unstructured":"Boughammoura A, Touz\u00e9 E, Oppenheim C, Trystram D, Mas JL. Reversible angiopathy and encephalopathy after blood transfusion. J Neurol. 2003;250:116\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1194_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1159\/000068825","volume":"15","author":"K Heo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heo K, Park S, Lee JY, Lee BI, Lee SK. Post-transfusion posterior leukoencephalopathy with cytotoxic and vasogenic edema precipitated by vasospasm. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;15:230\u20133.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"1194_CR9","first-page":"427","volume":"44","author":"H Kawano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kawano H, Suga T, Terasaki T, Hashimoto Y, Baba K, Uchino M. Posterior eneephalopathy syndrome in two patients after eaner surgery with transfusion. Rinsho Sinkeigaku. 2004;44:427\u201331.","journal-title":"Rinsho Sinkeigaku"},{"key":"1194_CR10","first-page":"258","volume":"17","author":"YC Huang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Huang YC, Tsai PL, Yeh JH, Chen WH. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome caused by blood transfusion: a case report. Acta Neurol Taiwanica. 2008;17:258\u201362.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Taiwanica"},{"key":"1194_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-009-0158-z","volume":"31","author":"H G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f","year":"2010","unstructured":"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f H, Per H, Kumanda\u015f S, Yikilmaz A. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in childhood: report of nine cases and review of the literature. Neurol Sci. 2010;31:125\u201331.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1194_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-011-0515-0","volume":"15","author":"Y Sato","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sato Y, Hirose M, Inoue Y, Komukai D, Takayasu M, Kawashima E, et al. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome after blood transfusion in a patient with end-stage renal disease. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011;15:942\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"1194_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.4236\/crcm.2013.25089","volume":"2","author":"KI Wada","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wada KI, Kano M, Machida Y, Hattori N, Miwa H. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome induced after blood transfusion for severe anemia. Case Rep Clin Med. 2013;2:332\u20134.","journal-title":"Case Rep Clin Med"},{"key":"1194_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.05.001","volume":"342","author":"ZY Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao ZY, He F, Gao PH, Bi JZ. Blood transfusion-related posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 2014;342:124\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1194_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12319","volume":"54","author":"YH Dou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dou YH, Fuh JL, Chen SP, Wang SJ. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome after blood transfusion. Headache. 2014;54:736\u201344.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"1194_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.54.518","volume":"54","author":"W Shiraishi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shiraishi W, Une H, Iwanaga Y, Yamamoto A. Case of post-transfusion posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with cerebral hemorrhage that may be associated with fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2014;54:518\u201321.","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"1194_CR17","first-page":"504","volume":"51","author":"S Sarkar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarkar S, Kumar R. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after transfusion in Hb E-beta thalassemia. Indian Pediatr. 2014;51:504.","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"1194_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2014.10.005","volume":"22","author":"K Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh K, Gupta R, Kamal H, Silvestri NJ, Wolfe GI. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome secondary to blood transfusion. J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22:592\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1194_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-015-0268-z","volume":"10","author":"H Liang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liang H, Xu Z, Zheng Z, Lou H, Yue W. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome following red blood cells transfusion: a case series of 7 patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10:47.","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"1194_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.05.051","volume":"367","author":"CA Cevallos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cevallos CA, Berman BS. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after blood transfusion. J Neurol Sci. 2016;367:245\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1194_CR21","first-page":"43","volume":"4","author":"SR Sudulagunta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sudulagunta SR, Sodalagunta MB, Kumbhat M, Settikere Nataraju A. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome(PRES). Oxf Med Case Rep. 2017;4:43\u20136.","journal-title":"Oxf Med Case Rep"},{"key":"1194_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.05.010","volume":"21","author":"Y Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li Y, Gor D, Walicki D, Jenny D, Jones D, Barbour P, et al. Spectrum and potential pathogenesis of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;21:873\u201382.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"1194_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.12.010","volume":"81","author":"B Gao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gao B, Liu FL, Zhao B. Association of degree and type of edema in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with serum lactate dehydrogenase level: initial experience. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81:2844\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"1194_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25932","volume":"63","author":"Z Solh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Solh Z, Taccone MS, Marin S, Athale U, Breakey VR. Neurological PRESentations in sickle cell patients are not always stroke: a review of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2016;63:983\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1194_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.12.1466","volume":"19","author":"LM Brass","year":"1988","unstructured":"Brass LM, Pavlakis SG, DeVivo D, Piomelli S, Mohr JP. Transcranial Doppler measurements of the middle cerebral artery. Effect of hematocrit. Stroke. 1988;19:1466\u20139.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1194_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/ATK7-QTP7-7NE2-5G8X","volume":"11","author":"AB Singhal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Singhal AB. Cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2004;11:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"1194_CR27","first-page":"2179","volume":"27","author":"WS Bartynski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bartynski WS, Boardman JF, Zeigler ZR, Shadduck RK, Lister J. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in infection, sepsis, and shock. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:2179\u201390.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1194_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104677","volume":"41","author":"E Brown","year":"1962","unstructured":"Brown E, Hopper JJ, Hodges JJ, Bradley B, Wennesland R, Yamauchi H. Red cell, plasma, and blood volume in the healthy women measured by radiochromium cell-labeling and hematocrit. J Clin Invest. 1962;41:2182\u201390.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1194_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0928","volume":"29","author":"WS Bartynski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bartynski WS. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 1: fundamental imaging and clinical features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:1036\u201342.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1194_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.5.1369","volume":"51","author":"H Ay","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ay H, Buonanno FS, Schaefer PW, Le DA, Wang B, Gonzalez RG, et al. Posterior leukoencephalopathy without severe hypertension: utility of diffusion-weighted MRI. Neurology. 1998;51:1369\u201376.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1194_CR31","first-page":"1068","volume":"22","author":"S Koch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Koch S, Rabinstein A, Falcone S, Forteza A. Diffusion-weighted imaging shows cytotoxic and vasogenic edema in eclampsia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:1068\u201370.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1194_CR32","first-page":"1038","volume":"23","author":"DJ Covarrubias","year":"2002","unstructured":"Covarrubias DJ, Luetmer PH, Campeau NG. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: prognostic utility of quantitative diffusion-weighted MR images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:1038\u201348.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1194_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-006-0086-2","volume":"24","author":"AR Pande","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pande AR, Ando K, Ishikura R, Nagami Y, Takada Y, Wada A, et al. Clinicoradiological factors influencing the reversibility of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a multicenter study. Radiat Med. 2006;24:659\u201368.","journal-title":"Radiat Med"},{"key":"1194_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8328-4","volume":"264","author":"E Siebert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siebert E, Bohner G, Liebig T, Endres M, Liman TG. Factors associated with fatal outcome in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a retrospective analysis of the Berlin PRES study. J Neurol. 2017;264:237\u201342.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1194_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.04.076","volume":"48","author":"K Ishikura","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ishikura K, Ikeda M, Hamasaki Y, Hataya H, Shishido S, Asanuma H, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children: its high prevalence and more extensive imaging findings. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48:231\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1194_CR36","first-page":"205","volume":"65","author":"VH Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee VH, Wijdicks EF, Manno EM, Rabinstein AA. Clinical spectrum of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2008;65:205\u201310.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1194_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0590","volume":"85","author":"JE Fugate","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fugate JE, Claassen DO, Cloft HJ, Kallmes DF, Kozak OS, Rabinstein AA. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: associated clinical and radiologic findings. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85:427\u201332.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"1194_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6152-4","volume":"259","author":"TG Liman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liman TG, Bohner G, Heuschmann PU, Endres M, Siebert E. The clinical and radiological spectrum of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: the retrospective Berlin PRES study. J Neurol. 2012;259:155\u201364.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1194_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3923","volume":"35","author":"V Junewar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Junewar V, Verma R, Sankhwar PL, Garg RK, Singh MK, Malhotra HS, et al. Neuroimaging features and predictors of outcome in eclamptic encephalopathy: a prospective observational study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35:1728\u201334.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1194_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4379","volume":"36","author":"B Gao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gao B, Yu BX, Li RS, Zhang G, Xie HZ, Liu FL, et al. Cytotoxic edema in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: correlation of MRI features with serum albumin levels. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015;36:1884\u20139.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1194_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-11-200112040-00009","volume":"135","author":"H Kawano","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kawano H, Motoyama T, Ohgushi M, Kugiyama K, Ogawa H, Yasue H. Menstrual cyclic variation of myocardial ischemia in premenopausal women with variant angina. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:977\u201381.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1194_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2011-010122","volume":"4","author":"M Moussavi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moussavi M, Korya D, Panezai S, Peeraully T, Gizzi M, Kirmani JF. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in a 35-year-old woman following hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. J Neurointerv Surg. 2012;4:e35.","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"key":"1194_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(96)05836-4","volume":"125","author":"M Akishita","year":"1996","unstructured":"Akishita M, Ouchi Y, Miyoshi H, Orimo A, Kozaki K, Eto M, et al. Estrogen inhibits endothelin-1 production and c-fos gene expression in rat aorta. Atherosclerosis. 1996;125:27\u201338.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-018-1194-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-018-1194-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-018-1194-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T19:11:01Z","timestamp":1573499461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12883-018-1194-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-018-1194-1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.734449377.793555892","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 November 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that ethics approval was not required for this case report.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained directly from both the patient and the patient\u2019s husband for publication of this case report and any accompanying images at the same time.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"190"}}