{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:13:35Z","timestamp":1778278415319,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we aimed to understand the trends in total and itemized medical expenses, especially of disease-modifying therapy (DMT), for multiple sclerosis (MS) in Japan through an analysis of health insurance claims data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed a database containing health insurance claims data from hospitals that have adopted the Diagnosis Procedure Combination\/Per-Diem Payment System in Japan. According to an algorithm based on diagnosis codes, data for all patients diagnosed with MS from April 2008 to July 2016 were extracted. Medical costs, rate of each medical treatment, and rate of relapses were analyzed by calendar-year. Medical costs in the month of relapse were compared with average medical costs per month of all MS patients by a cross-sectional analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four thousand three hundred seventy-four MS patients were identified in the database. Total medical cost per patient per month (PPPM) increased from \u00a587,640 (US$787.7 or \u20ac723.0 as of May 2017) to \u00a5102,846 (US$924.4 or \u20ac848.4) during the study period. This increment was mainly attributed to the growth in cost of outpatient DMT prescriptions, which increased from \u00a523,039 (US$207.1 or \u20ac190.1) to \u00a551,351 (US$461.5 or \u20ac423.6). In contrast, the rate of hospitalizations and relapses PPPM decreased during the study period (from 0.053 to 0.030, and 0.032 to 0.019, respectively). Medical costs in the month of relapse (\u00a5424,661, US$3816.8 or \u20ac3503.1) were 3.57 times higher than the average monthly costs for all MS patients (\u00a5119,021, US$1069.8 or \u20ac981.8), with the majority comprising hospitalization cost.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Concomitant with the increased usage of DMT, the total medical cost for treating MS is increasing in Japan. However, rates of relapse and hospitalization have shown a decreasing trend. Although this study does not show the direct causality between DMT and reduction of relapse rates\/fewer hospitalizations among MS patients, a reduction in hospital costs has been revealed concomitantly with the increasing prevalence of DMT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1534-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T05:06:13Z","timestamp":1576472773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Recent transition of medical cost and relapse rate of multiple sclerosis in Japan based on analysis of a health insurance claims database"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7140-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izumi","family":"Kawachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manami","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinzo","family":"Hiroi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mieko","family":"Ogino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1534_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra052130","volume":"354","author":"EM Frohman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frohman EM, Racke MK, Raine CS. 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MO has received funding for travel from Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. SO, MS and, HO, MY, and SH are employees of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. KI and YN areis an employees of Milliman. MY, and SH were employed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited., and YN was employed by Milliman, during the execution of this research. MO has received funding for travel from Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"324"}}