{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T03:10:20Z","timestamp":1785381020890,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011566","name":"Marga und Walter Boll-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant number: 210-06.01-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant number: 210-06.01-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1544-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T09:02:56Z","timestamp":1575622976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Influence of combined functional resistance and endurance exercise over 12\u2009weeks on matrix metalloproteinase-2 serum concentration in persons with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis \u2013 a community-based randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Proschinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Joisten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Rademacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marit L.","family":"Schlagheck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Walzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan J.","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Oberste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Warnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilhelm","family":"Bloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Schenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Bansi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Zimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"1544_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3871","volume":"15","author":"CA Dendrou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dendrou CA, Fugger L, Friese MA. Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(9):545\u201358. Available from:. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3871\n\n.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"1544_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30281-8","volume":"16","author":"RW Motl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Motl RW, Sandroff BM, Kwakkel G, Dalgas U, Feinstein A, Heesen C, AJT PF. Exercise in patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16:848\u201356.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"JUN","key":"1544_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"A Barry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barry A, Cronin O, Ryan AM, Sweeney B, Yap SM, O\u2019Toole O, et al. Impact of exercise on innate immunity in multiple sclerosis progression and symptomatology. Front Physiol. 2016;7(JUN):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1544_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12581","volume":"25","author":"BK Pedersen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2015;25:1\u201372.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sport"},{"issue":"9","key":"1544_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.015","volume":"94","author":"AE Latimer-Cheung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Latimer-Cheung AE, Martin Ginis KA, Hicks AL, Motl RW, Pilutti LA, Duggan M, et al. Development of evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for adults with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(9):1829\u20131836.e7. Available from:. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.015\n\n.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"12","key":"1544_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.07.011","volume":"94","author":"RE Klaren","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klaren RE, Motl RW, Dlugonski D, Sandroff BM, Pilutti LA. Objectively quantified physical activity in persons with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(12):2342\u20138. Available from:. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.07.011\n\n.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"1544_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02536.x","volume":"74","author":"F Jadidi-Niaragh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mirshafiey A. Th17 cell, the new player of neuroinflammatory process in multiple sclerosis. Scand J Immunol. 2011;74(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"issue":"MAY","key":"1544_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"A Jones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jones A, Hawiger D. Peripherally induced regulatory T cells: Recruited protectors of the central nervous system against autoimmune neuroinflammation. Front Immunol. 2017;8(MAY):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1544_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.10.035","volume":"137","author":"M Weinhold","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weinhold M, Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, Franke A, Theurich S, Wahl P, Hallek M, et al. Physical exercise modulates the homeostasis of human regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(5):1607\u20131610.e8.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1544_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-320050","volume":"90","author":"ZM Manjaly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manjaly ZM, Harrison NA, Critchley HD, Do CT, Stefanics G, Wenderoth N, et al. Pathophysiological and cognitive mechanisms of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90(6):642\u201351.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1544_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.10.003","volume":"37","author":"R Dantzer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dantzer R, Heijnen CJ, Capuron L, Laye S. The neuroimmune basis of fatigueess. Trens Neurosci. 2014;37(1):39\u201346.","journal-title":"Trens Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1544_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-016-9324-2","volume":"26","author":"BM Sandroff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sandroff BM, Motl RW, Scudder MR, DeLuca J. Systematic, evidence-based review of exercise, physical activity, and physical fitness effects on cognition in persons with multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychol Rev. 2016;26(3):271\u201394. Available from:. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-016-9324-2\n\n.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"1544_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.03.019","volume":"85","author":"P Heyn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heyn P, Abreu BC, Ottenbacher KJ. The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(10):1694\u2013704.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"1544_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015249","volume":"66","author":"RS Prakash","year":"2014","unstructured":"Prakash RS, Voss MW, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Physical activity and cognitive vitality. Annu Rev Psychol. 2014;66(1):769\u201397.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"1544_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6789276","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6789276","volume":"2016","author":"N Deckx","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deckx N, Nuyts AH, Berneman ZN, Cools N, Wens I, Eijnde BO, et al. 12 weeks of combined endurance and resistance training reduces innate markers of inflammation in a randomized controlled clinical trial in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mediat Inflamm. 2016;2016:6789276.","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"1544_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507079445","volume":"14","author":"U Dalgas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dalgas U, Stenager E, Ingemann-Hansen T. Multiple sclerosis and physical exercise: recommendations for the application of resistance-, endurance- and combined training. Mult Scler. 2008;14(1):35\u201353.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"9","key":"1544_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16655551","volume":"36","author":"RG Rempe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rempe RG, Hartz AMS, Bauer B. Matrix metalloproteinases in the brain and blood-brain barrier: versatile breakers and makers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016;36(9):1481\u2013507.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1544_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.12816\/0003332","volume":"14","author":"A Mirshafiey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mirshafiey A, Asghari B, Ghalamfarsa G, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Azizi G. The significance of matrix metalloproteinases in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2014;14(1):13\u201325.","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"1544_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30492-0","volume":"389","author":"A Varatharaj","year":"2017","unstructured":"Varatharaj A, Liljeroth M, Cramer S, Stuart C, Zotova E, Darekar A, et al. Systemic inflammation and blood\u2013brain barrier abnormality in relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2017;389:S96.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"1544_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517728342","volume":"24","author":"Philipp Zimmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zimmer P, Bloch W, Schenk A, Oberste M, Riedel S, Kool J, et al. High-intensity interval exercise improves cognitive performance and reduces matrix metalloproteinases-2 serum levels in persons with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Mult Scler J. 2017;24(12):1635-44.","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"1544_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13929","volume":"26","author":"R Negaresh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Negaresh R, Motl RW, Zimmer P, Mokhtarzade M, Baker JS. Effects of exercise training on multiple sclerosis biomarkers of central nervous system and disease status: a systematic review of intervention studies. Eur J Neurol. 2019;26(5):711\u201321.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1544_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153617","volume":"11","author":"B Strasser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Strasser B, Geiger D, Schauer M, Gatterer H, Burtscher M, Fuchs D. Effects of exhaustive aerobic exercise on tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism in trained athletes. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):1\u201310. Available from:. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0153617\n\n.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1544_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2005.06.013","volume":"364","author":"K Schr\u00f6cksnadel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6cksnadel K, Wirleitner B, Winkler C, Fuchs D. Monitoring tryptophan metabolism in chronic immune activation. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;364(1\u20132):82\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"11","key":"1544_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6752","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.11.6752","volume":"176","author":"F Fallarino","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fallarino F, Grohmann U, You S, McGrath BC, Cavener DR, Vacca C, et al. The combined effects of tryptophan starvation and tryptophan Catabolites Down-regulate T cell receptor \u03b6-chain and induce a regulatory phenotype in naive T cells. J Immunol. 2006;176(11):6752\u201361.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1544_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3257","volume":"13","author":"R Schwarcz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwarcz R, Bruno JP, Muchowski PJ, Wu H-Q. Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: when physiology meets pathology. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13(7):465\u201377.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"8 FEB","key":"1544_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"BM Campbell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Campbell BM, Charych E, Lee AW, M\u00f6ller T. Kynurenines in CNS disease: Regulation by inflammatory cytokines. Front Neurosci. 2014;8(8 FEB):1\u201322.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1544_CR27","unstructured":"Cervenka I, Agudelo LZ, Ruas JL. Kynurenines: Tryptophan\u2019s metabolites in exercise, inflammation, and mental health. Science. 357(6349)."},{"issue":"1","key":"1544_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10712-0","volume":"10","author":"LZ Agudelo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agudelo LZ, Ferreira DMS, Dadvar S, Cervenka I, Ketscher L, Izadi M, et al. Skeletal muscle PGC-1\u03b11 reroutes kynurenine metabolism to increase energy efficiency and fatigue-resistance. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1\u201312. Available from:. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-10712-0\n\n.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"1544_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518777377","volume":"24","author":"M Riemenschneider","year":"2018","unstructured":"Riemenschneider M, Hvid LG, Stenager E, Dalgas U. Is there an overlooked \u201cwindow of opportunity\u201d in MS exercise therapy? Perspectives for early MS rehabilitation. Mult Scler J. 2018;24(7):886\u201394. Available from. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458518777377\n\n.","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1544_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","volume":"69","author":"CH Polman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B, Clanet M, Cohen JA, Filippi M, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(2):292\u2013302.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"November","key":"1544_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","volume":"33","author":"JF Kurtzke","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology. 1983;33(November):1444\u201352.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1544_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2307\/2529712","volume":"31","author":"SJ Pocock","year":"1975","unstructured":"Pocock SJ, Simon R. Sequential Treatment Assignment with Balancing for Prognostic Factors in the Controlled Clinical Trial Author ( s ): Stuart J . Pocock and Richard Simon. Biometrics. 1975;31(1):103\u201315 Available from: \nhttp:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2529712\n\n.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1544_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12561","volume":"96","author":"P Zimmer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zimmer P, Baumann FT, Bloch W, Zopf EM, Schulz S, Latsch J, et al. Impact of a half marathon on cellular immune system, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and recovery behavior of breast cancer patients in the aftercare compared to healthy controls. Eur J Haematol. 2016;96(2):152\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1544_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1343395","volume":"121","author":"P Wenning","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wenning P, Kreutz T, Schmidt A, Opitz D, Graf C, Voss S, et al. Endurance exercise alters cellular immune status and resistin concentrations in men suffering from non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2013;121(8):475\u201382.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"10","key":"1544_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2015-1195","volume":"54","author":"J Kuhle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuhle J, Barro C, Andreasson U, Derfuss T, Lindberg R, Sandelius \u00c5, et al. Comparison of three analytical platforms for quantification of the neurofilament light chain in blood samples: ELISA, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and Simoa. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2016;54(10):1655\u201361.","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1544_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24954","volume":"81","author":"G Disanto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Disanto G, Barro C, Benkert P, Naegelin Y, Sch\u00e4delin S, Giardiello A, et al. Serum Neurofilament light: a biomarker of neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2017;81(6):857\u201370.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"07\u201308","key":"1544_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5960\/dzsm.2017.285","volume":"2017","author":"K Kr\u00fcger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger K. Inflammation during obesity \u2013 pathophysiological concepts and effects of physical activity. Dtsch Z Sportmed. 2017;2017(07\u201308):163\u20139.","journal-title":"Dtsch Z Sportmed"},{"key":"1544_CR38","volume-title":"ACSM guidelines for exercise testing and prescription","author":"LS Pescatello","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pescatello LS, Arena R, Riebe D, Thompson PD. ACSM guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams&Wilki: Baltimore; 2013."},{"key":"1544_CR39","volume-title":"Human Kinetics","author":"T Miller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller T. Human Kinetics NSCA\u2019s Guide to Tests and Assessments National Strength and Conditioning Association. In: Human Kinetics. 1st ed; 2012.","edition":"1"},{"key":"1544_CR40","volume-title":"Strength training. Human Kinetics","author":"LE Brown","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brown LE. Strength training. Human Kinetics; 2007."},{"key":"1544_CR41","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Maximums based on Reps. Vol. 6, National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal","author":"J Landers","year":"1985","unstructured":"Landers J. Maximums based on Reps. Vol. 6, National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal; 1985. p. 60\u20131."},{"issue":"6","key":"1544_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511431076","volume":"18","author":"DW Langdon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Langdon DW, Amato MP, Boringa J, Brochet B, Foley F, Fredrikson S, et al. Recommendations for a brief international cognitive assessment for multiple sclerosis (BICAMS). Mult Scler J. 2012;18(6):891\u20138.","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1544_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040903266910","volume":"24","author":"S Stegen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stegen S, Stepanov I, Cookfair D, Schwartz E, Hojnacki D, Weinstock-Guttman B, et al. Validity of the California verbal learning test-II in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neuropsychol. 2010;24(2):189\u2013202.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1544_CR44","volume-title":"California verbal learning test (CVLT). Deutsche adaptation","author":"H Niemann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Niemann H, Sturm W, Thone-Otto AIT, Willmes K. California verbal learning test (CVLT). Deutsche adaptation. Frankfurt: Pearson Clinical & Talent Assessment; 2008."},{"issue":"1","key":"1544_CR45","first-page":"18","volume":"4","author":"G Godin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Godin G. The Godin-Shephard leisure-time physical activity questionnaire. Heal Fit J CSEP Heal Fit Progr BC. 2011;4(1):18\u201322.","journal-title":"Heal Fit J CSEP Heal Fit Progr BC"},{"issue":"12","key":"1544_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509348519","volume":"15","author":"IK Penner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Penner IK, Raselli C, St\u00f6cklin M, Opwis K, Kappos L, Calabrese P. The fatigue scale for motor and cognitive functions (FSMC): validation of a new instrument to assess multiple sclerosis-related fatigue. Mult Scler. 2009;15(12):1509\u201317.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"1544_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-104752","volume":"1","author":"C Sander","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sander C, Voelter H-U, Schlake H-P, Eling P, Hildebrandt H. Assessment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Int Open. 2017;1:79\u201385.","journal-title":"Neurol Int Open"},{"key":"1544_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","volume":"1","author":"L Radloff","year":"1977","unstructured":"Radloff L. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385\u2013401.","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"key":"1544_CR49","volume-title":"German version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised ( CESD-R ) Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale \u2013 Revised ( CESD-R ), Deutsche Fassung","author":"A Schmitt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmitt A. German version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised ( CESD-R ) Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale \u2013 Revised ( CESD-R ), Deutsche Fassung. 2016; (January)."},{"issue":"April 2007","key":"1544_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507080733","volume":"14","author":"M Simeoni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simeoni M, Auquier P, Fernandez O. Al. E. Validation of the multiple sclerosis international quality of life questionnaire. Mult Scler. 2008;14(April 2007):219\u201330.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"10","key":"1544_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-011-3276-9","volume":"82","author":"P Flachenecker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Flachenecker P, Vogel U, Simeoni MC, Auquier P, Rieckmann P. MusiQol: Internationaler Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Lebensqualit\u00e4t bei Multipler Sklerose: Validierungsergebnisse der deutschen Subpopulation im internationalen Vergleich. Nervenarzt. 2011;82(10):1281\u20139.","journal-title":"Nervenarzt."},{"key":"1544_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.01.009","volume":"25","author":"T Mollayeva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mollayeva T, Thurairajah P, Burton K, Mollayeva S, Shapiro CM, Colantonio A. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index as a screening tool for sleep dysfunction in clinical and non-clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2016;25:52\u201373. Available from:. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.01.009\n\n.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1544_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08500-x","volume":"10","author":"N Bittner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bittner N, Jockwitz C, M\u00fchleisen TW, Hoffstaedter F, Eickhoff SB, Moebus S, et al. Combining lifestyle risks to disentangle brain structure and functional connectivity differences in older adults. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"1544_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh020","volume":"159","author":"LF Berkman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Berkman LF, Melchior M, Chastang JF, Niedhammer I, Leclerc A, Goldberg M. Social integration and mortality: a prospective study of French employees of Electricity of France-gas of France: the GAZEL cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(2):167\u201374.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1544_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"Franz Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang G-A, Buchner A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175\u201391.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"12","key":"1544_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.02.006","volume":"60","author":"GF Borm","year":"2007","unstructured":"Borm GF, Fransen J, Lemmens WAJG. A simple sample size formula for analysis of covariance in randomized clinical trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(12):1234\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-019-1544-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-019-1544-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-019-1544-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T09:04:05Z","timestamp":1575623045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12883-019-1544-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-019-1544-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 October 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the regional ethics committee of the German Sports University Cologne. Prior to study participation, a written consent form will be signed by each participant.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"314"}}