{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T20:24:10Z","timestamp":1785875050219,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Swallowing dysfunction is related to major cause of adverse events and an indicator of shorter survival among patients with neuromuscular disorders (NMD). It is critical to assess the swallowing function during disease progression, however, there are limited tools that can easily evaluate swallowing function without using videofluoroscopic or videoendoscopic examination. Here, we evaluated the longitudinal changes in tongue thickness (TT) and maximum tongue pressure (MTP) among patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2010 and 2020, TT and MTP were measured from 21 ALS, 30 DM1, and 14 DMD patients (mean ages of 66.9, 44.5, and 21.4\u2009years, respectively) at intervals of more than half a year. TT was measured, by ultrasonography, as the distance from the mylohyoid muscle raphe to the tongue dorsum, and MTP was determined by measuring the maximum compression on a small balloon when pressing the tongue against the palate. Then we examined the relationship between these evaluations and patient background and swallowing function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mean follow-up periods were 24.0\u2009months in the ALS group, 47.2\u2009months in the DM1group, and 61.1\u2009months in the DMD group. The DMD group demonstrated larger first TT than the other groups, while the DM1 group had lower first MTP than the ALS group. The ALS group showed a greater average monthly reduction in mean TT than the DM1 group and greater monthly reductions in mean body weight (BW) and MTP than the other groups. Significant differences between the first and last BW, TT, and MTP measures were found only in the ALS group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study suggests that ALS is associated with more rapid degeneration of tongue function over several years compared to DMD and DM1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02225-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T05:03:15Z","timestamp":1628139795000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Longitudinal Changes of Tongue Thickness and Tongue Pressure in Neuromuscular Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8458-1329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Umemoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Fujioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Arahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobutaka","family":"Sakae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naokazu","family":"Sasagasako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mine","family":"Toda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Furuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Tsuboi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2225_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2016.03.008","volume":"26","author":"L van den Engel-Hoek","year":"2016","unstructured":"van den Engel-Hoek L, de Groot IJ, Sie LT, van Bruggen HW, de Groot SA, Erasmus CE, et al. Dystrophic changes in masticatory muscles related chewing problems and malocclusions in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord. 2016;26:354\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmd.2016.03.008.","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"2225_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-190435","volume":"7","author":"JW Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee JW, Oh HJ, Choi WA, Kim DJ, Kang SW. Relationship between eating and digestive symptoms and respiratory function in advanced Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. J Neuromuscul Dis. 2020;7:101\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JND-190435.","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"2225_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12136","volume":"128","author":"G Ruoppolo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ruoppolo G, Schettino I, Frasca V, Giacomelli E, Prosperini L, Cambieri C, et al. Dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: prevalence and clinical findings. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128:397\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ane.12136.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2225_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/ncn3.12058","volume":"4","author":"G Umemoto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Umemoto G, Furuya H, Arahata H, Sugahara M, Sakai M, Tsuboi Y. Relationship between tongue thickness and tongue pressure in neuromuscular disorders. Neurol Clin Neurosci. 2016;4:142\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ncn3.12058.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2225_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102233","volume":"26","author":"N Hensiek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hensiek N, Schreiber F, Wimmer T, Kaufmann J, Machts J, Fahlbusch L, et al. Sonographic and 3T-MRI-based evaluation of the tongue in ALS. 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The ethics committee (or institutional review board) of the NHO Omuta National Hospital approved the analysis of the examinations in this study and an opt-out method to obtain consent on this study. The notice and opt out opportunity were provided to the patients at the hospital website. The committee\u2019s reference number is 2-20.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests in this section.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"302"}}