{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T09:35:07Z","timestamp":1777023307172,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Large artery atherosclerotic disease is an important cause of stroke, accounting for 15\u201346% of ischaemic strokes in population-based studies. Therefore, current guidelines from west recommend urgent carotid imaging in all ischaemic strokes or transient ischaemic attacks and referral for carotid endarterectomy. However, the clinical features and epidemiology of stroke in Asians are different from those in Caucasians and therefore the applicability of these recommendations to Asians is controversial. Data on the prevalence of carotid artery stenosis (CAS) among South Asian stroke patients is limited. Therefore, we sought to determine the prevalence and associated factors of significant CAS in a cohort of Sri Lankan patients with ischaemic stroke.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We prospectively studied all ischaemic stroke patients who underwent carotid doppler ultrasonography admitted to the stroke unit of a Sri Lankan tertiary care hospital over 5 years. We defined carotid stenosis as low (&lt;\u200950%), moderate (50\u201369%) or severe (70\u201399%) or total-occlusion (100%) by North American Symptomatic Trial Collaborators (NASCET) criteria. We identified the factors associated with CAS\u2009\u2265\u200950% and\u2009\u2265\u200970% by stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 550 ischaemic stroke patients (326 (59.3%) male, mean age was 58.9\u2009\u00b1\u200910.2\u2009years) had carotid doppler ultrasonography. Of them, 528 (96.0%) had low-grade, 12 (2.2%) moderate and 7 (1.3%) severe stenosis and 3 (0.5%) had total occlusion. On multivariate logistic regression, age was associated with CAS\u2009\u2265\u200950% (OR 1.12, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) and CAS\u2009\u2265\u200970% (OR 1.14, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.016), but none of the other vascular risk factors studied (sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, past history of TIA, stroke or ischemic heart disease) showed significant associations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Carotid stenosis is a minor cause of ischemic stroke in Sri Lankans compared to western populations with only 4.0% having CAS\u2009\u2265\u200950 and 3.5% eligible for carotid endarterectomy. Our findings have implications for the management of acute strokes in Sri Lanka.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02415-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T17:24:51Z","timestamp":1633368291000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prevalence and correlates of carotid artery stenosis in a cohort of Sri Lankan ischaemic stroke patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"K. C. D.","family":"Mettananda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. D. P.","family":"Eshani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. M.","family":"Wettasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Somaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y. P.","family":"Nanayakkkara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Sathkorala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Upasena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Sirigampola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. M. Y.","family":"Tilakaratna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Pathmeswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U. K.","family":"Ranawaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2415_CR1","first-page":"133","volume":"23","author":"JW Cole","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cole JW. Large Artery Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn). 2017;23:133\u201357.","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn)"},{"key":"2415_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1201.100209","volume":"32","author":"PL Kolominsky-Rabas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Weber M, Gefeller O, Neundoerfer B, Heuschmann PU. Epidemiology of ischemic stroke subtypes according to TOAST criteria: incidence, recurrence, and long-term survival in ischemic stroke subtypes: a population-based study. Stroke. 2001;32:2735\u201340.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2415_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.561787","volume":"40","author":"WS Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith WS, Lev MH, English JD, Camargo EC, Chou M, Johnston SC, et al. Significance of large vessel intracranial occlusion causing acute ischemic stroke and TIA. Stroke. 2009;40:3834\u201340.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2415_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malhotra K, Gornbein J, Saver JL. Ischemic strokes due to large-vessel occlusions contribute disproportionately to stroke-related dependence and death: a review. Front Neurol. 2017;8:651","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00651"},{"key":"2415_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000247","volume":"6","author":"E Marulanda-Londo\u00f1o","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marulanda-Londo\u00f1o E, Chaturvedi S. Stroke due to large vessel atherosclerosis: five new things. Neurol Clin Pract. 2016;6:252\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"2415_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000110311.09970.83","volume":"62","author":"JK Lovett","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lovett JK, Coull AJ, Rothwell PM. Early risk of recurrence by subtype of ischemic stroke in population-based incidence studies. Neurology. 2004;62:569\u201373.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2415_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-020-00190-3","volume":"56","author":"HM Elnady","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elnady HM, Mohammed GF, Elhewag HK, Mohamed MK, Borai A. Risk factors for early and late recurrent ischemic strokes. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg. 2020;56:56.","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg"},{"key":"2415_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108153250701","volume":"325","author":"HJM Barnett","year":"1991","unstructured":"Barnett HJM, Taylor DW, Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Peerless SJ, Ferguson GG, et al. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:445\u201353.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2415_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92916-P","volume":"337","author":"Group ECSTC","year":"1991","unstructured":"Group ECSTC. MRC European carotid surgery trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1991;337:1235\u201343.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2415_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199811123392002","volume":"339","author":"HJ Barnett","year":"1998","unstructured":"Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, Fox AJ, Ferguson GG, Haynes RB, et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American symptomatic carotid Endarterectomy trial collaborators. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1415\u201325.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2415_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11415-0","volume":"353","author":"PM Rothwell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rothwell PM, Warlow CP. Prediction of benefit from carotid endar terectomy in individual patients: a risk-modelling study. Lancet. 1999;353:2105\u201310.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2415_CR12","first-page":"Cd001081","volume":"6","author":"S Orrapin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Orrapin S, Rerkasem K. Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6:Cd001081.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2415_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cina CS, Clase CM, Haynes RB. Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000(2):Cd001081.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001081"},{"key":"2415_CR14","unstructured":"Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 2019 [updated May 2019]."},{"key":"2415_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000211","volume":"50","author":"WJ Powers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, et al. Guidelines for the early Management of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019;50:e344\u2013418.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2415_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1159\/000131083","volume":"25","author":"The European Stroke Organisation Executive C, the ESOWC","year":"2008","unstructured":"The European Stroke Organisation Executive C, the ESOWC. Guidelines for Management of Ischaemic Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;25:457\u2013507.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl A100","key":"2415_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12371","volume":"9","author":"P Lindsay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lindsay P, Furie KL, Davis SM, Donnan GA, Norrving B. World Stroke Organization global stroke services guidelines and action plan. Int J Stroke. 2014;9(Suppl A100):4\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2415_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02530.x","volume":"16","author":"J Wolma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wolma J, Nederkoorn PJ, Goossens A, Vergouwen MD, van Schaik IN, Vermeulen M. Ethnicity a risk factor? The relation between ethnicity and large- and small-vessel disease in White people, black people, and Asians within a hospital-based population. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16:522\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2415_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2016.12.2.129","volume":"12","author":"OY Bang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bang OY. Considerations When Subtyping Ischemic Stroke in Asian Patients. J Clin Neurol. 2016;12:129\u201336.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2415_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.03.033","volume":"284","author":"OY Bang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bang OY, Saver JL, Liebeskind DS, Pineda S, Yun SW, Ovbiagele B. Impact of metabolic syndrome on distribution of cervicocephalic atherosclerosis: data from a diverse race-ethnic group. J Neurol Sci. 2009;284:40\u20135.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2415_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306992","volume":"85","author":"MM Mehndiratta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mehndiratta MM, Khan M, Mehndiratta P, Wasay M. Stroke in Asia: geographical variations and temporal trends. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85:1308\u201312.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2415_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000157736.19739.D0","volume":"111","author":"H White","year":"2005","unstructured":"White H, Boden-Albala B, Wang C, Elkind MS, Rundek T, Wright CB, et al. Ischemic stroke subtype incidence among whites, blacks, and Hispanics: the northern Manhattan study. Circulation. 2005;111:1327\u201331.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2415_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2014.16.1.8","volume":"16","author":"BJ Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim BJ, Kim JS. Ischemic stroke subtype classification: an Asian viewpoint. J Stroke. 2014;16:8\u201317.","journal-title":"J Stroke"},{"key":"2415_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000341410","volume":"40","author":"ML Flaherty","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flaherty ML, Kissela B, Khoury JC, Alwell K, Moomaw CJ, Woo D, et al. Carotid artery stenosis as a cause of stroke. Neuroepidemiology. 2013;40:36\u201341.","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"2415_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.10.1540","volume":"40","author":"E Feldmann","year":"1990","unstructured":"Feldmann E, Daneault N, Kwan E, Ho KJ, Pessin MS, Langenberg P, et al. Chinese-white differences in the distribution of occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Neurology. 1990;40:1540.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2415_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.20081","volume":"33","author":"TY Tan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tan TY, Chang KC, Liou CW, Schminke U. Prevalence of carotid artery stenosis in Taiwanese patients with one ischemic stroke. J Clin Ultrasound. 2005;33:1\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound"},{"key":"2415_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.484584","volume":"38","author":"DA De Silva","year":"2007","unstructured":"De Silva DA, Woon FP, Lee MP, Chen CP, Chang HM, Wong MC. South Asian patients with ischemic stroke: intracranial large arteries are the predominant site of disease. Stroke. 2007;38:2592\u20134.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2415_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_86_18","volume":"21","author":"S Kaul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaul S, Alladi S, Jabeen SA, Bandaru VCSSR, Ankem U, Mekala S, et al. Intracranial atherosclerosis is the Most common stroke subtype: ten-year data from Hyderabad stroke registry (India). Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2018;21:209\u201313.","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"2415_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.5.929","volume":"28","author":"RL Sacco","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sacco RL, Roberts JK, Boden-Albala B, Gu Q, Lin IF, Kargman DE, et al. Race-ethnicity and determinants of carotid atherosclerosis in a multiethnic population. The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke. 1997;28:929\u201335.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2415_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2214","volume":"31","author":"AD Mackinnon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mackinnon AD, Jerrard-Dunne P, Porteous L, Markus HS. Carotid intima-media thickness is greater but carotid plaque prevalence is lower in black compared with white subjects. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31:1951\u20135.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2415_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02502-2","volume":"356","author":"SS Anand","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anand SS, Yusuf S, Vuksan V, Devanesen S, Teo KK, Montague PA, et al. Differences in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: the study of health assessment and risk in ethnic groups (SHARE). Lancet. 2000;356:279\u201384.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2415_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2012.08.118","volume":"57","author":"CB Rockman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rockman CB, Hoang H, Guo Y, Maldonado TS, Jacobowitz GR, Talishinskiy T, et al. The prevalence of carotid artery stenosis varies significantly by race. J Vasc Surg. 2013;57:327\u201337.","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"2415_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11136","volume":"106","author":"SF Cheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheng SF, Brown MM, Simister RJ, Richards T. Contemporary prevalence of carotid stenosis in patients presenting with ischaemic stroke. Br J Surg. 2019;106:872\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2415_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1053\/jscd.2000.0090064","volume":"9","author":"MY Wang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang MY, Mimran R, Mohit A, Lavine SD, Giannotta S. Carotid stenosis in a multiethnic population. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2000;9:64\u20139.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2415_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.658500","volume":"43","author":"JS Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim JS, Nah HW, Park SM, Kim SK, Cho KH, Lee J, et al. Risk factors and stroke mechanisms in atherosclerotic stroke: intracranial compared with extracranial and anterior compared with posterior circulation disease. Stroke. 2012;43:3313\u20138.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2415_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2016.1250856","volume":"39","author":"Y Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li Y, Cai Y, Zhao M, Sun J. Risk factors between intracranial-extracranial atherosclerosis and anterior-posterior circulation stroke in ischaemic stroke. Neurol Res. 2017;39:30\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"2415_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0873-7","volume":"17","author":"R Ji","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ji R, Pan Y, Yan H, Zhang R, Liu G, Wang P, et al. Current smoking is associated with extracranial carotid atherosclerotic stenosis but not with intracranial large artery disease. BMC Neurol. 2017;17:120.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"2415_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.790048","volume":"118","author":"H Ueshima","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ueshima H, Sekikawa A, Miura K, Turin TC, Takashima N, Kita Y, et al. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in Asia: a selected review. Circulation. 2008;118:2702\u20139.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2415_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12166","volume":"8","author":"KK Hyun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hyun KK, Huxley RR, Arima H, Woo J, Lam TH, Ueshima H, et al. A comparative analysis of risk factors and stroke risk for Asian and non-Asian men: the Asia Pacific cohort studies collaboration. Int J Stroke. 2013;8:606\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2415_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-776","volume":"14","author":"X Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen X, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Yi D, Liu L, Rao W, et al. Risk factors of stroke in Western and Asian countries: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:776.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2415_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.09.015","volume":"5","author":"CM Gijsberts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bank IEM, Gijsberts CM, Teng T-HK, Benson L, Sim D, Yeo PSD, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of diabetes in Asian versus White patients with heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2017;5:14\u201324.","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2415_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0746","volume":"34","author":"JWR Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee JWR, Brancati FL, Yeh H-C. Trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Asians versus whites: results from the United States National Health Interview Survey, 1997-2008. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:353\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2415_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.21474\/IJAR01\/8568","volume":"7","author":"S Bharathikunisetty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bharathikunisetty S, Senthilnathan R, Arjundas D, Ayyar SSK, Kumar S. Prevalence and risk factors of carotid artery stenosis in ischaemic stroke patients- a cross-sectional study in a tertiary care hospital. Int J Adv Res. 2019;7:958\u201364.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res"},{"key":"2415_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.532960","volume":"40","author":"M Wasay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wasay M, Azeemuddin M, Masroor I, Sajjad Z, Ahmed R, Khealani BA, et al. Frequency and outcome of carotid atheromatous disease in patients with stroke in Pakistan. Stroke. 2009;40:708\u201312.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2415_CR45","first-page":"97","volume":"49","author":"AA Razzaq","year":"1999","unstructured":"Razzaq AA, Khan BA, Jadoon CK, Baig SM. Carotid Doppler ultrasonography in young stroke patients. J Pak Med Assoc. 1999;49:97\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"2415_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/2516608518774167","volume":"1","author":"UK Ranawaka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ranawaka UK. Stroke Care in Sri Lanka: the way we were, the way we are, and the way forward. J Stroke Med. 2018;1:45\u201350.","journal-title":"J Stroke Med"},{"key":"2415_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000047680","volume":"12","author":"EB Mathiesen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mathiesen EB, Joakimsen O, Bonaa KH. Prevalence of and risk factors associated with carotid artery stenosis: the Tromso study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;12:44\u201351.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2415_CR48","first-page":"417","volume":"52","author":"AA Razzaq","year":"2002","unstructured":"Razzaq AA, Khan BA, Baig SM. Ischemic stroke in young adults of South Asia. J Pak Med Assoc. 2002;52:417\u201322.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-021-02415-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-021-02415-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-021-02415-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T04:46:59Z","timestamp":1675745219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12883-021-02415-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-021-02415-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics committee of Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Granted.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"385"}}