{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:30:29Z","timestamp":1776745829769,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Identifying modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment in the early stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and estimating their impact on cognitive status may help prevent dementia (PDD) and the design of cognitive trials.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using a standard approach for the assessment of global cognition in PD and controlling for the effects of age, education and disease duration, we explored the associations between cognitive status, comorbidities, metabolic variables and lifestyle variables in 533 PD participants from the COPPADIS study.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among the overall sample, 21% of participants were classified as PD-MCI (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009114) and 4% as PDD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200926). The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia was significantly higher in cognitively impaired patients while no between-group differences were found for smoking, alcohol intake or use of supplementary vitamins. Better cognitive scores were significantly associated with regular physical exercise (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and cognitive stimulation (&lt;\u20090.01). Cognitive performance was negatively associated with interleukin 2 (Il2) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), Il6 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), iron (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and homocysteine (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.005) levels, and positively associated with vitamin B12 levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.005).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We extend previous findings regarding the positive and negative influence of various comorbidities and lifestyle factors on cognitive status in early PD patients, and reinforce the need to identify and treat potentially modifiable variables with the intention of exploring the possible improvement of the global cognitive status of patients with PD.<\/jats:p>\n              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