{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:51:20Z","timestamp":1790639480573,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was performed to identify the association between the total magnetic resonance imaging burden of small vessel disease and the occurrence of post-stroke dysphagia in patients with a single recent small subcortical infarct (RSSI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively identified all patients with a magnetic resonance imaging-confirmed single RSSI. The water-swallowing test and volume-viscosity swallow test were performed within the first 24\u2009h following admission to assess swallowing. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from our stroke database. Based on brain magnetic resonance imaging, we independently rated the presence of cerebral microbleeds, lacunes, white matter hyperintensities and enlarged perivascular spaces. The presence of each small vessel disease feature was summed to determine the total small vessel disease burden, ranging from 0 to 4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 308 patients with a single RSSI were enrolled. Overall, 54 (17.5%) were diagnosed with post-stroke dysphagia. The risk factors related to post-stroke dysphagia included the following: older age, higher National Institute of Health Stroke Scale scores, higher C-reactive protein level and higher fibrinogen level. Based on multiple logistic regression, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale scores and total small vessel disease burden were independent risk factors of post-stroke dysphagia in patients with a single RSSI, after adjusting for age, gender, history of hypertension, C-reactive protein level and fibrinogen level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dysphagia in patients with a single RSSI was associated with a more severe total small vessel disease burden as reflected by MRI. Total MRI of cerebral small vessel disease burden may predict dysphagia in these patients. Furthermore, more severe total small vessel disease burden was associated with systemic inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02518-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T01:02:41Z","timestamp":1641171761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Total magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral small vessel disease burden predicts dysphagia in patients with a single recent small subcortical infarct"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Lulu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juehua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongxue","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuying","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2518_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493018778141","volume":"13","author":"S Fandler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fandler S, Gattringer T, Pinter D, Pirpamer L, Borsodi F, Eppinger S, et al. Dysphagia in supratentorial recent small subcortical infarcts results from bilateral pyramidal tract damage. Int J Stroke. 2018;13(8):815\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747493018778141.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"2518_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148424","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148424","volume":"11","author":"M Arnold","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arnold M, Liesirova K, Broeg-Morvay A, Meisterernst J, Schlager M, Mono ML, et al. Dysphagia in acute stroke: incidence, burden and impact on clinical outcome. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0148424.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2518_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101685","volume":"22","author":"J Wilmskoetter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilmskoetter J, Bonilha L, Martin-Harris B, Elm JJ, Horn J, Bonilha HS. Mapping acute lesion locations to physiological swallow impairments after stroke. NeuroImage Clin. 2019;22:101685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101685.","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"2518_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015625","volume":"48","author":"S Fandler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fandler S, Gattringer T, Eppinger S, Doppelhofer K, Pinter D, Niederkorn K, et al. Frequency and predictors of dysphagia in patients with recent small subcortical infarcts. Stroke. 2017;48(1):213\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015625.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"7","key":"2518_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70104-6","volume":"9","author":"L Pantoni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pantoni L. Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(7):689\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70104-6.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2518_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002227","volume":"44","author":"A Del Bene","year":"2013","unstructured":"Del Bene A, Makin SD, Doubal FN, Inzitari D, Wardlaw JM. Variation in risk factors for recent small subcortical infarcts with infarct size, shape, and location. Stroke. 2013;44(11):3000\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002227.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"2","key":"2518_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/jon19999291","volume":"9","author":"SK Daniels","year":"1999","unstructured":"Daniels SK, Foundas AL. Lesion localization in acute stroke patients with risk of aspiration. J Neuroimaging. 1999;9(2):91\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jon19999291.","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"2518_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.31.6.1370","volume":"31","author":"C Ertekin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ertekin C, Aydogdu I, Tarlaci S, Turman AB, Kiylioglu N. Mechanisms of dysphagia in suprabulbar palsy with lacunar infarct. Stroke. 2000;31(6):1370\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.31.6.1370.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"11","key":"2518_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.022317","volume":"49","author":"S Hilal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hilal S, Ikram MA, Verbeek MM, Franco OH, Stoops E, Vanderstichele H, et al. C-reactive protein, plasma amyloid-beta levels, and their interaction with magnetic resonance imaging markers. Stroke. 2018;49(11):2692\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.022317.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"2","key":"2518_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1007074420772","volume":"20","author":"NJ Abbott","year":"2000","unstructured":"Abbott NJ. Inflammatory mediators and modulation of blood-brain barrier permeability. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2000;20(2):131\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1007074420772.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2518_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100916","volume":"53","author":"A Low","year":"2019","unstructured":"Low A, Mak E, Rowe JB, Markus HS, O'Brien JT. Inflammation and cerebral small vessel disease: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev. 2019;53:100916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100916.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2518_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.06.021","volume":"236","author":"X Pang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pang X, Liu J, Zhao J, Mao J, Zhang X, Feng L, et al. Homocysteine induces the expression of C-reactive protein via NMDAr-ROS-MAPK-NF-kappaB signal pathway in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis. 2014;236(1):73\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.06.021.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"issue":"9","key":"2518_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.301362","volume":"33","author":"GL Suidan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Suidan GL, Brill A, De Meyer SF, Voorhees JR, Cifuni SM, Cabral JE, et al. Endothelial Von Willebrand factor promotes blood-brain barrier flexibility and provides protection from hypoxia and seizures in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33(9):2112\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.301362.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"10 Suppl","key":"2518_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.595181","volume":"41","author":"MM Poels","year":"2010","unstructured":"Poels MM, Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Hofman A, Krestin GP, van der Lugt A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of cerebral microbleeds: an update of the Rotterdam scan study. Stroke. 2010;41(10 Suppl):S103\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.595181.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"2518_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nakamori M, Hosomi N, Imamura E, Matsushima H, Maetani Y, Yoshida M, et al. Association between stroke lesions and videofluoroscopic findings in acute stroke patients. J Neurol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-020-10244-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10244-4"},{"issue":"11","key":"2518_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002545","volume":"44","author":"P Klarenbeek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klarenbeek P, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Rouhl RP, Knottnerus IL, Staals J. Ambulatory blood pressure in patients with lacunar stroke: association with total MRI burden of cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke. 2013;44(11):2995\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002545.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"5","key":"2518_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70060-7","volume":"12","author":"JM Wardlaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wardlaw JM, Smith C, Dichgans M. Mechanisms of sporadic cerebral small vessel disease: insights from neuroimaging. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(5):483\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70060-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2518_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000190056.76543.eb","volume":"36","author":"R Martino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, Diamant N, Speechley M, Teasell R. Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. Stroke. 2005;36(12):2756\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000190056.76543.eb.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"8","key":"2518_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.008155","volume":"46","author":"L Xiao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xiao L, Lan W, Sun W, Dai Q, Xiong Y, Li L, et al. Chronic kidney disease in patients with lacunar stroke: association with enlarged perivascular spaces and Total magnetic resonance imaging burden of cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke. 2015;46(8):2081\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.008155.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"8","key":"2518_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0832","volume":"73","author":"A Charidimou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Charidimou A, Martinez-Ramirez S, Reijmer YD, Oliveira-Filho J, Lauer A, Roongpiboonsopit D, et al. Total magnetic resonance imaging burden of small vessel disease in cerebral amyloid Angiopathy: an imaging-pathologic study of concept validation. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(8):994\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0832.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2518_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8","volume":"12","author":"JM Wardlaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wardlaw JM, Smith EE, Biessels GJ, Cordonnier C, Fazekas F, Frayne R, et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(8):822\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2518_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1159\/000348683","volume":"35","author":"A Osawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Osawa A, Maeshima S, Tanahashi N. Water-swallowing test: screening for aspiration in stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;35(3):276\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000348683.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2518_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rofes L, Muriana D, Palomeras E, Vilardell N, Palomera E, Alvarez-Berdugo D, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and complications of oropharyngeal dysphagia in stroke patients: a cohort study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018:e13338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.13338.","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13338"},{"issue":"3","key":"2518_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2013.06.059","volume":"58","author":"K Ouriel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ouriel K, Fowl RJ, Davies MG, Forbes TL, Gambhir RP, Morales JP, et al. Reporting standards for adverse events after medical device use in the peripheral vascular system. J Vasc Surg. 2013;58(3):776\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvs.2013.06.059.","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2518_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70013-4","volume":"8","author":"SM Greenberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Greenberg SM, Vernooij MW, Cordonnier C, Viswanathan A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Warach S, et al. Cerebral microbleeds: a guide to detection and interpretation. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(2):165\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70013-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2518_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00072","volume":"5","author":"M Huijts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huijts M, Duits A, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Kroon AA, de Leeuw PW, Staals J. Accumulation of MRI markers of cerebral small vessel disease is associated with decreased cognitive function. A study in first-ever lacunar stroke and hypertensive patients. Front Aging Neurosci. 2013;5:72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00072.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2518_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.43.9.1683","volume":"43","author":"F Fazekas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fazekas F, Kleinert R, Offenbacher H, Schmidt R, Kleinert G, Payer F, et al. Pathologic correlates of incidental MRI white matter signal hyperintensities. Neurology. 1993;43(9):1683\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.43.9.1683.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"14","key":"2518_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000307750.41970.d9","volume":"70","author":"MW Vernooij","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vernooij MW, van der Lugt A, Ikram MA, Wielopolski PA, Niessen WJ, Hofman A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of cerebral microbleeds: the Rotterdam scan study. Neurology. 2008;70(14):1208\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000307750.41970.d9.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"10","key":"2518_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000485","volume":"135","author":"EJ Benjamin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, et al. Heart disease and stroke Statistics-2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(10):e146\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000485.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"6","key":"2518_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13307","volume":"24","author":"S Suntrup-Krueger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suntrup-Krueger S, Kemmling A, Warnecke T, Hamacher C, Oelenberg S, Niederstadt T, et al. The impact of lesion location on dysphagia incidence, pattern and complications in acute stroke. Part 2: Oropharyngeal residue, swallow and cough response, and pneumonia. Eur J Neurol. 2017;24(6):867\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13307.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2518_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000211","volume":"50","author":"WJ Powers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, et al. Guidelines for the early Management of Patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019;50(12):e344\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STR.0000000000000211.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"1","key":"2518_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/s1053-8119(03)00285-4","volume":"20","author":"R Dziewas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dziewas R, Soros P, Ishii R, Chau W, Henningsen H, Ringelstein EB, et al. Neuroimaging evidence for cortical involvement in the preparation and in the act of swallowing. NeuroImage. 2003;20(1):135\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1053-8119(03)00285-4.","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"issue":"3","key":"2518_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313508227","volume":"28","author":"S Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li S, Ma Z, Tu S, Zhou M, Chen S, Guo Z, et al. Altered resting-state functional and white matter tract connectivity in stroke patients with dysphagia. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2014;28(3):260\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1545968313508227.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"11","key":"2518_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.000204","volume":"44","author":"WL Titsworth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Titsworth WL, Abram J, Fullerton A, Hester J, Guin P, Waters MF, et al. Prospective quality initiative to maximize dysphagia screening reduces hospital-acquired pneumonia prevalence in patients with stroke. Stroke. 2013;44(11):3154\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.000204.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"3","key":"2518_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.566133","volume":"41","author":"MG Cola","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cola MG, Daniels SK, Corey DM, Lemen LC, Romero M, Foundas AL. Relevance of subcortical stroke in dysphagia. Stroke. 2010;41(3):482\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.566133.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"2518_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu393","volume":"138","author":"P Vemuri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vemuri P, Lesnick TG, Przybelski SA, Knopman DS, Preboske GM, Kantarci K, et al. Vascular and amyloid pathologies are independent predictors of cognitive decline in normal elderly. Brain J Neurol. 2015;138(Pt 3):761\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awu393.","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2518_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.024","volume":"36","author":"J Staals","year":"2015","unstructured":"Staals J, Booth T, Morris Z, Bastin ME, Gow AJ, Corley J, et al. Total MRI load of cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive ability in older people. Neurobiol Aging. 2015;36(10):2806\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.024.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2518_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.594754","volume":"42","author":"GM Potter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Potter GM, Marlborough FJ, Wardlaw JM. Wide variation in definition, detection, and description of lacunar lesions on imaging. Stroke. 2011;42(2):359\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.594754.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"4","key":"2518_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.600114","volume":"42","author":"YC Zhu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhu YC, Dufouil C, Tzourio C, Chabriat H. Silent brain infarcts: a review of MRI diagnostic criteria. Stroke. 2011;42(4):1140\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.600114.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"9","key":"2518_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000237236.88823.47","volume":"37","author":"V Hachinski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hachinski V, Iadecola C, Petersen RC, Breteler MM, Nyenhuis DL, Black SE, et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian stroke network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke. 2006;37(9):2220\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000237236.88823.47.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"1","key":"2518_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000324940","volume":"32","author":"HL Flowers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Flowers HL, Skoretz SA, Streiner DL, Silver FL, Martino R. MRI-based neuroanatomical predictors of dysphagia after acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;32(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000324940.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2518_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000159","volume":"49","author":"EE Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith EE, Kent DM, Bulsara KR, Leung LY, Lichtman JH, Reeves MJ, et al. Effect of dysphagia screening strategies on clinical outcomes after stroke: a systematic review for the 2018 guidelines for the early Management of Patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2018;49(3):e123\u2013e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STR.0000000000000159.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"5","key":"2518_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015045","volume":"48","author":"S Lapa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lapa S, Luger S, Pfeilschifter W, Henke C, Wagner M, Foerch C. Predictors of dysphagia in acute Pontine infarction. Stroke. 2017;48(5):1397\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015045.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"4","key":"2518_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015332","volume":"48","author":"RA Joundi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Joundi RA, Martino R, Saposnik G, Giannakeas V, Fang J, Kapral MK. Predictors and outcomes of dysphagia screening after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2017;48(4):900\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015332.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"5","key":"2518_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12670","volume":"22","author":"S Suntrup","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suntrup S, Kemmling A, Warnecke T, Hamacher C, Oelenberg S, Niederstadt T, et al. The impact of lesion location on dysphagia incidence, pattern and complications in acute stroke. Part 1: dysphagia incidence, severity and aspiration. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(5):832\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.12670.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2518_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000022807.06923.a3","volume":"33","author":"G de Jong","year":"2002","unstructured":"de Jong G, Kessels F, Lodder J. Two types of lacunar infarcts: further arguments from a study on prognosis. Stroke. 2002;33(8):2072\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.0000022807.06923.a3.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"4","key":"2518_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2012.00789.x","volume":"7","author":"A Del Bene","year":"2012","unstructured":"Del Bene A, Palumbo V, Lamassa M, Saia V, Piccardi B, Inzitari D. Progressive lacunar stroke: review of mechanisms, prognostic features, and putative treatments. Int J Stroke. 2012;7(4):321\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2012.00789.x.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"2518_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31823efc42","volume":"78","author":"DC Bezerra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bezerra DC, Sharrett AR, Matsushita K, Gottesman RF, Shibata D, Mosley TH Jr, et al. Risk factors for lacune subtypes in the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Neurology. 2012;78(2):102\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31823efc42.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"2518_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.03.031","volume":"68","author":"KA Walker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walker KA, Windham BG, Power MC, Hoogeveen RC, Folsom AR, Ballantyne CM, et al. The association of mid-to late-life systemic inflammation with white matter structure in older adults: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Neurobiol Aging. 2018;68:26\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.03.031.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"7","key":"2518_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-338269","volume":"118","author":"RS Beard Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beard RS Jr, Reynolds JJ, Bearden SE. Hyperhomocysteinemia increases permeability of the blood-brain barrier by NMDA receptor-dependent regulation of adherens and tight junctions. Blood. 2011;118(7):2007\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2011-02-338269.","journal-title":"Blood."}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-021-02518-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-021-02518-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-021-02518-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T13:05:02Z","timestamp":1641215102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12883-021-02518-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-021-02518-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-253887\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University ethics committee approved the present study, with all relevant guidelines and regulations being observed. All patients and\/or their legal guardians provided informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declared that they had no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1"}}