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Signs of BBB damage are also sometimes found in neuroasymptomatic HIV-infected individuals without antiretroviral therapy (ART). The aim of this study was to investigate the integrity of the BBB before and after initiation of ART in both neuroasymptomatic HIV infection and in patients with HAD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We determined BBB integrity by measuring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)\/plasma albumin ratios in archived CSF samples prior to and after initiation of ART in longitudinally-followed neuroasymptomatic HIV-1-infected individuals and patients with HAD. We also analyzed HIV RNA in blood and CSF, IgG Index, CSF WBC counts, and CSF concentrations of \u03b22-micoglobulin, neopterin, and neurofilament light chain protein (NfL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 159 HIV-infected participants; 82 neuroasymptomatic individuals and 77 with HAD. All neuroasymptomatic individuals (82\/82), and 10\/77 individuals with HAD, were longitudinally followed with a median (interquartile range, IQR) follow-up of 758 (230\u20131752) days for the neuroasymptomatic individuals, and a median (IQR) follow-up of 241 (50\u2013994) days for the individuals with HAD. Twelve percent (10\/82) of the neuroasymptomatic individuals and 80% (8\/10) of the longitudinally-followed individuals with HAD had elevated albumin ratios at baseline. At the last follow-up, 9% (7\/82) of the neuroasymptomatic individuals and 20% (2\/10) of the individuals with HAD had elevated albumin ratios. ART significantly decreased albumin ratios in both neuroasymptomatic individuals and in patients with HAD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that ART improves and possibly normalizes BBB integrity in both neuroasymptomatic HIV-infected individuals and in patients with HAD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02527-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:02:29Z","timestamp":1640131349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effect of antiretroviral treatment on blood-brain barrier integrity in HIV-1 infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Birgitta","family":"Anesten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Staffan","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce J.","family":"Brew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dietmar","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Gissl\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aylin","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2527_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis326","volume":"206","author":"V Valcour","year":"2012","unstructured":"Valcour V, Chalermchai T, Sailasuta N, Marovich M, Lerdlum S, Suttichom D, et al. 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All patient information was confidentially treated. Anonymous, coded identification was used. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or, if their capacity to provide consent was questioned, consent was also obtained from those with power of attorney.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Birgitta Anesten reports no disclosures.Henrik Zetterberg reports that he has served at scientific advisory boards and\/or as a consultant for Alector, Eisai, Denali, Roche Diagnostics, Wave, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Pinteon Therapeutics, Nervgen, AZTherapies, CogRx and Red Abbey Labs, has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Alzecure and Biogen, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside submitted work).Staffan Nilsson reports no disclosures.Bruce Brew reports no disclosures.Dietmar Fuchs reports no disclosures.Richard W Price reports no disclosures.Magnus Gissl\u00e9n reports no disclosures.Aylin Yilmaz reports no disclosures.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"494"}}