{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:40:30Z","timestamp":1793194830778,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010983","name":"Health Research Fund of Central Denmark Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010983","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF20OC0060998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF20OC0060998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF20OC0060998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R310-2018-3455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R310-2018-3455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R310-2018-3455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R310-2018-3455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R310-2018-3455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R310-2018-3455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is common. However, the underlying pathophysiology remains largely unknown. Understanding the role of microvascular changes and finding markers that can predict PSCI, could be a first step towards better screening and management of PSCI. Capillary dysfunction is a pathological feature of cerebral small vessel disease and may play a role in the mechanisms underlying PSCI. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from cells and may act as disease biomarkers. We aim to investigate the role of capillary dysfunction in PSCI and the associations between EV characteristics and cognitive function one year after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and transient ischemic attack (TIA).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The ENIGMA study is a single-centre prospective clinical observational study conducted at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. Consecutive patients with AIS and TIA are included and followed for one year with follow-up visits at three and 12 months. An MRI is performed at 24\u00a0h and 12 months follow-up. EV characteristics will be characterised from blood samples drawn at 24\u00a0h and three months follow-up. Cognitive function is assessed three and 12 months after AIS and TIA using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using novel imaging and molecular biological techniques the ENIGMA study will provide new knowledge about the vascular contributions to cognitive decline and dementia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study is retrospectively registered as an ongoing observational study at ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT06257823.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03601-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T08:02:46Z","timestamp":1712131366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploring vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (ENIGMA): protocol for a prospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sigrid Breinholt","family":"Vestergaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas Gammelgaard","family":"Damsbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels Lech","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrine","family":"Zachariassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim Ryun","family":"Drasbek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leif","family":"\u00d8stergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grethe","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikke Beese","family":"Dalby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janne K\u00e6rg\u00e5rd","family":"Mortensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"3601_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0","volume":"20","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feigin VL, Stark BA, Johnson CO, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:795.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3601_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/2396987318825484","volume":"4","author":"E Sexton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sexton E, McLoughlin A, Williams DJ, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of cognitive impairment no dementia in the first year post-stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2019;4:160\u201371.","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"3601_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.3061","volume":"14","author":"E Ku\u017ama","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ku\u017ama E, Lourida I, Moore SF, et al. Stroke and dementia risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14:1416\u201326.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"3601_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.5080","volume":"79","author":"S Koton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koton S, Pike JR, Johansen M, et al. Association of ischemic stroke incidence, severity, and recurrence with dementia in the atherosclerosis risk in communities Cohort Study. JAMA Neurol. 2022;79:271\u201380.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"3601_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30442-3","volume":"18","author":"ST Pendlebury","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pendlebury ST, Rothwell PM. Incidence and prevalence of dementia associated with transient ischaemic attack and stroke: analysis of the population-based Oxford Vascular Study. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:248\u201358.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3601_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.03.007","volume":"284","author":"T Harnod","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harnod T, Lin CL, Hsu CY, et al. Post-stroke dementia is associated with increased subsequent all-cause mortality: a population-based cohort study. Atherosclerosis. 2019;284:148\u201352.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"3601_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.102533","volume":"78","author":"M Pasquini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pasquini M, Leys D, Rousseaux M, et al. Influence of cognitive impairment on the institutionalisation rate 3\u2005years after a stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:56.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3601_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1414148","volume":"23","author":"LM Kuo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuo LM, Tsai WC, Chiu MJ, et al. Cognitive dysfunction predicts worse health-related quality of life for older stroke survivors: a nationwide population-based survey in Taiwan. Aging Ment Health. 2019;23:305\u201310.","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"3601_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"I","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873211042192","volume":"6","author":"TJ Quinn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Quinn TJ, Richard E, Teuschl Y, et al. European Stroke Organisation and European Academy of Neurology joint guidelines on post-stroke cognitive impairment. Eur Stroke J. 2021;6:I\u2013XXXVIII.","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"3601_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e272","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000430","volume":"54","author":"N El Husseini","year":"2023","unstructured":"El Husseini N, Katzan IL, Rost NS, et al. Cognitive impairment after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: a Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2023;54:e272\u201391.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3601_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.04.034","volume":"73","author":"C Iadecola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iadecola C, Duering M, Hachinski V, et al. Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia: JACC Scientific Expert Panel. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:3326\u201344.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"3601_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.06.001","volume":"15","author":"V Hachinski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hachinski V, Einh\u00e4upl K, Ganten D, et al. Preventing dementia by preventing stroke: the Berlin Manifesto. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15:961\u201384.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"3601_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00060-0","volume":"20","author":"NA Weaver","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weaver NA, Kuijf HJ, Aben HP, et al. Strategic infarct locations for post-stroke cognitive impairment: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from 12 acute ischaemic stroke cohorts. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:448\u201359.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3601_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.319951","volume":"130","author":"NS Rost","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rost NS, Brodtmann A, Pase MP, et al. Post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia. Circ Res. 2022;130:1252\u201371.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"3601_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930221120349","volume":"18","author":"EL Ball","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ball EL, Shah M, Ross E, et al. Predictors of post-stroke cognitive impairment using acute structural MRI neuroimaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke. 2023;18:543\u201354.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"3601_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020602","volume":"23","author":"KY Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim KY, Shin KY, Chang K-A. Potential biomarkers for Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:602.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3601_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9089-z","volume":"266","author":"B Casolla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Casolla B, Caparros F, Cordonnier C, et al. Biological and imaging predictors of cognitive impairment after stroke: a systematic review. J Neurol. 2019;266:2593\u2013604.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"3601_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.041965","volume":"54","author":"HV Sandvig","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sandvig HV, Aam S, Alme KN, et al. Plasma inflammatory biomarkers are Associated with Poststroke Cognitive Impairment: the Nor-COAST study. Stroke. 2023;54:1303\u201311.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3601_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00d8stergaard L, Jespersen SN, Engedahl T et al. Capillary dysfunction: its detection and causative role in dementias and stroke. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep; 15. Epub ahead of print 1 June 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11910-015-0557-X.","DOI":"10.1007\/S11910-015-0557-X"},{"key":"3601_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.18","volume":"33","author":"L \u00d8stergaard","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u00d8stergaard L, Jespersen SN, Mouridsen K, et al. The role of the cerebral capillaries in acute ischemic stroke: the extended penumbra model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33:635\u201348.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"3601_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15606723","volume":"36","author":"L \u00d8stergaard","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u00d8stergaard L, Engedal TS, Moreton F, et al. Cerebral small vessel disease: Capillary pathways to stroke and cognitive decline. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016;36:302\u201325.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"3601_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.06.015","volume":"33","author":"K Mouridsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mouridsen K, Friston K, Hjort N, et al. Bayesian estimation of cerebral perfusion using a physiological model of microvasculature. NeuroImage. 2006;33:570\u20139.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"3601_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.111","volume":"34","author":"K Mouridsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mouridsen K, Hansen MB, \u00d8stergaard L, et al. Reliable estimation of capillary transit time distributions using DSC-MRI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34:1511\u201321.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"3601_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25549","volume":"46","author":"MB Hansen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hansen MB, Tietze A, Kalpathy-Cramer J, et al. Reliable estimation of microvascular flow patterns in patients with disrupted blood-brain barrier using dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging JMRI. 2017;46:537\u201349.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging JMRI"},{"key":"3601_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.07.001","volume":"262","author":"D Rufino-Ramos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rufino-Ramos D, Albuquerque PR, Carmona V, et al. Extracellular vesicles: novel promising delivery systems for therapy of brain diseases. J Controlled Release. 2017;262:247\u201358.","journal-title":"J Controlled Release"},{"key":"3601_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.300858","volume":"114","author":"X Loyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Loyer X, Vion A-C, Tedgui A, et al. Microvesicles as cell\u2013cell messengers in Cardiovascular diseases. Circ Res. 2014;114:345\u201353.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"3601_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8080248","volume":"8","author":"KT Stenz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stenz KT, Just J, Blauenfeldt RA, et al. Extracellular vesicles in Acute Stroke Diagnostics. Biomedicines. 2020;8:248.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"3601_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-018-0682-3","volume":"10","author":"JC van Kralingen","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Kralingen JC, McFall A, Ord ENJ, et al. Altered extracellular vesicle MicroRNA expression in ischemic stroke and small Vessel Disease. Transl Stroke Res. 2019;10:495\u2013508.","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"3601_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010251","volume":"24","author":"C-C Burlacu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burlacu C-C, Ciobanu D, Badulescu A-V, et al. Circulating MicroRNAs and Extracellular Vesicle-derived MicroRNAs as predictors of functional recovery in ischemic stroke patients: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;24:251.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3601_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.16893","volume":"330","author":"RA Blauenfeldt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Blauenfeldt RA, Hjort N, Valentin JB, et al. Remote ischemic conditioning for Acute Stroke: the RESIST Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023;330:1236\u201346.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3601_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smart SD, Firbank MJ, O\u2019Brien JT. Validation of automated white matter hyperintensity segmentation. J Aging Res; 2011. Epub ahead of print 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4061\/2011\/391783.","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/391783"},{"key":"3601_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.10.037","volume":"34","author":"SN Jespersen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jespersen SN, Kroenke CD, \u00d8stergaard L, et al. Modeling dendrite density from magnetic resonance diffusion measurements. NeuroImage. 2007;34:1473\u201386.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"3601_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.022","volume":"142","author":"B Hansen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hansen B, Shemesh N, Jespersen SN. Fast imaging of mean, axial and radial diffusion kurtosis. NeuroImage. 2016;142:381\u201393.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"3601_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hansen B, Khan AR, Shemesh N et al. White matter biomarkers from fast protocols using axially symmetric diffusion kurtosis imaging. NMR Biomed; 30. Epub ahead of print 1 September 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/NBM.3741.","DOI":"10.1002\/NBM.3741"},{"key":"3601_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24743","volume":"69","author":"B Hansen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hansen B, Lund TE, Sangill R, et al. Experimentally and computationally fast method for estimation of a mean kurtosis. Magn Reson Med. 2013;69:1754\u201360.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"3601_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8","volume":"12","author":"JM Wardlaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wardlaw JM, Smith EE, Biessels GJ, et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:822\u201338.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3601_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063334","volume":"23","author":"T Gu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gu T, Just J, Stenz KT, et al. The role of plasma Extracellular vesicles in Remote Ischemic Conditioning and Exercise-Induced ischemic tolerance. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:3334.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3601_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen M, B\u00e6k R, Pedersen S, et al., et al. Extracellular vesicle (EV) array: microarray capturing of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for multiplexed phenotyping. J Extracell Vesicles. 2013;2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/jev.v2i0.20920. Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v2i0.20920"},{"key":"3601_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.20.3.310.823","volume":"20","author":"C Randolph","year":"1998","unstructured":"Randolph C, Tierney MC, Mohr E, et al. The repeatable battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS): preliminary clinical validity. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1998;20:310\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"3601_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/138033990513564","volume":"27","author":"EB Larson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Larson EB, Kirschner K, Bode R, et al. Construct and predictive validity of the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status in the evaluation of stroke patients. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2005;27:16\u201332.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"3601_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, B\u00e9dirian V, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:695\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"3601_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031961","volume":"52","author":"AC van Nieuwkerk","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Nieuwkerk AC, Pendlebury ST, Rothwell PM. Accuracy of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive decline in the Elderly for detecting Preexisting Dementia in transient ischemic attack and stroke a Population-based study. Stroke. 2021;52:1283\u201390.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3601_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000376585","volume":"84","author":"CW Topp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Topp CW, \u00d8stergaard SD, S\u00f8ndergaard S, et al. The WHO-5 well-being index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84:167\u201376.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"3601_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00309-8","volume":"66","author":"P Bech","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bech P, Rasmussen N-A, Olsen LR, et al. The sensitivity and specificity of the Major Depression Inventory, using the Present State Examination as the index of diagnostic validity. J Affect Disord. 2001;66:159\u201364.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3601_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00049-9","volume":"52","author":"RA Washburn","year":"1999","unstructured":"Washburn RA, McAuley E, Katula J, et al. The physical activity scale for the Elderly (PASE). J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52:643\u201351.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"3601_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93206-O","volume":"337","author":"J Bamford","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, et al. Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet. 1991;337:1521\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3601_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.35","volume":"24","author":"HP Adams","year":"1993","unstructured":"Adams HP, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke. 1993;24:35\u201341.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3601_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.02.007","volume":"13","author":"RB Nielsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nielsen RB, Egefjord L, Angleys H, et al. Capillary dysfunction is associated with symptom severity and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13:1143\u201353.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"3601_CR49","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/ (2021)."},{"key":"3601_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01911.x","volume":"4","author":"J Simak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Simak J, Gelderman MP, Yu H, et al. Circulating endothelial microparticles in acute ischemic stroke: a link to severity, lesion volume and outcome. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:1296\u2013302.","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"3601_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.04.003","volume":"90","author":"SP Rensma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rensma SP, van Sloten TT, Launer LJ, et al. Cerebral small vessel disease and risk of incident stroke, dementia and depression, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;90:164\u201373.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3601_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rost NS, Meschia JF, Gottesman R et al. Cognitive impairment and dementia after stroke: design and rationale for the DISCOVERY study. Stroke 2021; E499\u2013516.","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031611"},{"key":"3601_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2011.00652.x","volume":"7","author":"E Ben Assayag","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ben Assayag E, Korczyn AD, Giladi N, et al. Predictors for poststroke outcomes: the Tel Aviv Brain Acute Stroke Cohort (TABASCO) study protocol. Int J Stroke. 2012;7:341\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"3601_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12301","volume":"9","author":"A Brodtmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brodtmann A, Werden E, Pardoe H, et al. Charting cognitive and volumetric trajectories after stroke: protocol for the Cognition and neocortical volume after stroke (CANVAS) study. Int J Stroke. 2014;9:824\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"3601_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Douven E, Schievink SHJ, Verhey FRJ et al. The Cognition and Affect after Stroke - a Prospective Evaluation of Risks (CASPER) study: rationale and design. BMC Neurol; 16. Epub ahead of print 12 May 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12883-016-0588-1.","DOI":"10.1186\/S12883-016-0588-1"},{"key":"3601_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aben HP, Reijmer YD, Visser-Meily JMA et al. A Role for New Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modalities in Daily Clinical Practice: Protocol of the Prediction of Cognitive Recovery After Stroke (PROCRAS) Study. JMIR Res Protoc; 7. Epub ahead of print 1 May 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/RESPROT.9431.","DOI":"10.2196\/RESPROT.9431"},{"key":"3601_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thingstad P, Askim T, Beyer MK et al. The Norwegian Cognitive impairment after stroke study (Nor-COAST): study protocol of a multicentre, prospective cohort study. BMC Neurol; 18. Epub ahead of print 26 November 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12883-018-1198-X.","DOI":"10.1186\/S12883-018-1198-X"},{"key":"3601_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12092","volume":"9","author":"FA Wollenweber","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wollenweber FA, Zietemann V, Rominger A, et al. The determinants of Dementia after Stroke (DEDEMAS) study: protocol and pilot data. Int J Stroke. 2014;9:387\u201392.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"3601_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.09.017","volume":"5","author":"JT Gladman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gladman JT, Corriveau RA, Debette S, et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: research consortia that focus on etiology and treatable targets to lessen the burden of dementia worldwide. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;5:789\u201396.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"3601_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12215","volume":"17","author":"D Wilcock","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilcock D, Jicha G, Blacker D, et al. MarkVCID cerebral small vessel consortium: I. Enrollment, clinical, fluid protocols. Alzheimers Dement. 2021;17:704\u201315.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"3601_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17721666","volume":"38","author":"TS Engedal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Engedal TS, Hjort N, Hougaard KD, et al. Transit time homogenization in ischemic stroke - A novel biomarker of penumbral microvascular failure? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018;38:2006\u201320.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"3601_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.11.004","volume":"50","author":"SF Eskildsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eskildsen SF, Gyldensted L, Nagenthiraja K, et al. Increased cortical capillary transit time heterogeneity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a DSC-MRI perfusion study. Neurobiol Aging. 2017;50:107\u201318.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"3601_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zagrean AM, Hermann DM, Opris I et al. Multicellular Crosstalk Between Exosomes and the Neurovascular Unit After Cerebral Ischemia. Therapeutic Implications. Front Neurosci; 12. Epub ahead of print 6 November 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FNINS.2018.00811.","DOI":"10.3389\/FNINS.2018.00811"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03601-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03601-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03601-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T09:03:09Z","timestamp":1712134989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03601-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03601-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study is approved by the Danish regional research ethics committee (ID: VEK 1-10-72-253-20). The study is conducted according to the declaration of Helsinki. All patients provide written informed consent before enrollment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"L\u00d8 is scientific advisory board member and minority shareholder in Cercare Medical. SBV, AGD, NLP, KZ, KRD, GA, RBD, and JKM declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"110"}}