{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:17:57Z","timestamp":1790011077226,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postural balance impairment can affect the quality of life of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Previous studies have described connections of the vestibular system with postural functions, suggesting a potential participation of the basal ganglia in receiving vestibular stimuli. This systematic review aims to summarize the evidence on the effectiveness of vestibular rehabilitation on postural balance in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was conducted using the electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Scopus and PEDro. The study selection was independently conducted by two reviewers, and disagreements were evaluated by a third reviewer. The included studies had no restrictions on publication dates or languages and the last update occurred in July 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From the 485 studies found in the searches, only 3 studies were deemed eligible for the systematic review involving a total of 130 participants. The Berg Balance Scale was described as the tool for evaluation of postural balance in all studies. The meta-analysis showed statistically significant results in favor of vestibular rehabilitation (MD\u2009=\u20095.35; 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.39, 8.31;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), regardless of the stage of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Although the effect size was suggested as a useful functional gain, the analysis was done with caution, as it only included 3 randomized controlled trials. The risk of bias using the RoB-2 was considered as being of \u201csome concern\u201d in all studies. Furthermore, the quality of the evidence based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation system, produced by pooling the included studies was considered very low.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to other interventions, vestibular rehabilitation has potential to assist the postural balance of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. However, the very low quality of the evidence demonstrates uncertainty about the impact of this clinical practice. More robust studies are needed to confirm the benefits of this therapy in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. This study was prospectively registered in PROSPERO: CRD42020210185.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03649-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T04:02:19Z","timestamp":1715659339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effectiveness of vestibular rehabilitation on postural balance in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0145-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Marineli Saraiva","family":"do Amaral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6174-1839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Brito","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8116-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata Parente","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6248-5590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simony Lira","family":"do Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3040-4909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Mariano","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9186-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Braga-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3649_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045","volume":"79","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jankovic J. Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(4):368\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3649_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2010000200018","volume":"68","author":"IS Campos-Sousa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campos-Sousa IS, Campos-Sousa RN, Ata\u00edde L, Soares MMB, Almeida KJ. Executive dysfunction and motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2010;68(2):246\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0004-282X2010000200018.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"3649_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/113.3.767","volume":"113","author":"AM Bronstein","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bronstein AM, Hood JD, Gresty MA, Panagi C. Visual control of balance in cerebellar and parkinsonian syndromes. Brain. 1990;113(3):767\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/113.3.767.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"3649_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)0027","volume":"175","author":"RKY Chong","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chong RKY, Horak FB, Woollacott MH. Parkinson\u2019s disease impairs the ability to change set quickly. J Neurol Sci. 2000;175(1):57\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)0027.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"3649_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.12","volume":"193","author":"FB Horak","year":"2005","unstructured":"Horak FB, Dimitrova D, Nutt JG. Direction-specific postural instability in subjects with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp Neurol. 2005;193(2):504\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.12.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"3649_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.08.021","volume":"657","author":"W Lv","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lv W, Guan Q, Hu X, Chen J, Jiang H, Zhang L, et al. Vestibulo-ocular reflex abnormality in Parkinson\u2019s disease detected by video head impulse test. Neurosci Lett. 2017;657:211\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.08.021.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"3649_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01085","volume":"9","author":"PF Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith PF. Vestibular functions and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Neurol. 2018;9:1085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.01085.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3649_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22358","volume":"24","author":"A Frenklach","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frenklach A, Louie S, Koop MM, Bronte-Stewart HM. Excessive postural sway and the risk of falls at different stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24(3):377\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22358.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"3649_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-013-0377-9","volume":"13","author":"MLTM M\u00fcller","year":"2013","unstructured":"M\u00fcller MLTM, Bohnen NI. Cholinergic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2013;13(9):377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-013-0377-9.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"3649_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23657","volume":"26","author":"C Vitale","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vitale C, Marcelli V, Furia T, Santangelo G, Cozzolino A, Longo K, et al. Vestibular impairment and adaptive postural imbalance in parkinsonian patients with lateral trunk flexion. Mov Disord. 2011;26(8):1458\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23657.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"3649_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894211067838","volume":"132","author":"G Berkiten","year":"2023","unstructured":"Berkiten G, Tutar B, Atar S, Kumral TL, Salt\u00fcrk Z, Akan O, et al. Assessment of the clinical use of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and the video head impulse test in the diagnosis of early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2023;132(1):41\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00034894211067838.","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3649_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.06.023","volume":"132","author":"A Zampogna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zampogna A, Mileti I, Martelli F, Paoloni M, Del Prete Z, Palermo E, et al. Early balance impairment in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: evidence from Robot-assisted axial rotations. Clin Neurophysiol. 2021;132(10):2422\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.06.023.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3649_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.005","volume":"22","author":"G Abbruzzese","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abbruzzese G, Marchese R, Avanzino L, Pelosin E. Rehabilitation for Parkinson\u2019s disease: current outlook and future challenges. Park Relat Disord. 2016;22(Suppl 1):S60\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.005.","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"3649_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32835c5ec4","volume":"26","author":"SJ Herdman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Herdman SJ. Vestibular rehabilitation. Curr Opin Neurol. 2013;26(1):96\u2013101. 10. 1097\/WCO.0b013e32835c5ec4.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3649_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/003591574603900522","volume":"39","author":"T Cawthorne","year":"1946","unstructured":"Cawthorne T. Vestibular injuries. Proc R Soc Med. 1946;39(5):270\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/003591574603900522.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"3649_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.08.040","volume":"1482","author":"CD Balaban","year":"2012","unstructured":"Balaban CD, Hoffer ME, Gottshall KR. Top-down approach to vestibular compensation: translational lessons from vestibular rehabilitation. Brain Res. 2012;1482:101\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.08.040.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"3649_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-9869-2","volume-title":"Simplified vestibular rehabilitation therapy","author":"BI Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han BI. Simplified vestibular rehabilitation therapy. Singapore: Springer; 2021."},{"key":"3649_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906","volume":"88","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Int J Surg. 2021;88:105906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"3649_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","volume":"30","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, Poewe W, Olanow CW, Oertel W, et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30(12):1591\u2013601. 10. 1002\/mds.26424.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3649_CR20","unstructured":"Cochrane. RoB 2: a revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. London: Cochrane; c2023. https:\/\/methods.cochrane.org\/bias\/resources\/rob-2-revised-cochrane-risk-bias-tool-randomized-trials Accessed 16 Mar 2023."},{"issue":"4","key":"3649_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026","volume":"64","author":"G Guyatt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):383\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7804","key":"3649_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d549","volume":"342","author":"RD Riley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Riley RD, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ. Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses. BMJ. 2011;342(7804):964\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.d549.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"3649_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.32598\/jmr.12.1.13","volume":"12","author":"M Hadian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hadian M, Raji P, Abasi A, Hoseinabadi R, Baghestani A. Evaluation of the effect of vestibular exercises on dizziness and postural control in Parkinson patients. J Mod Rehabil. 2018;12(1):13\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32598\/jmr.12.1.13.","journal-title":"J Mod Rehabil"},{"issue":"9","key":"3649_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310376057","volume":"24","author":"N Smania","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smania N, Corato E, Tinazzi M, Stanzani C, Fiaschi A, Girardi P, et al. Effect of balance training on postural instability in patients with idiopathic parkinsong\u2019s disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24(9):826\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1545968310376057.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"3649_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2019.12.007","volume":"106","author":"C Pazzaglia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pazzaglia C, Imbimbo I, Tranchita E, Minganti C, Ricciardi D, Lo Monaco R, et al. Comparison of virtual reality rehabilitation and conventional rehabilitation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomised controlled trial. Physiotherapy. 2020;106:36\u201342. 10.1016\/j. physio.2019.12.007.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"3649_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-151258","volume":"37","author":"A Acarer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Acarer A, Karapolat H, Celebisoy N, Ozgen G, Colakoglu Z. Is customized vestibular rehabilitation effective in patients with Parkinson\u2019s? NeuroRehabilitation. 2015;37(2):255\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/NRE-151258.","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"2\u2013A","key":"3649_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2009000200009","volume":"67","author":"BS Zeigelboim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zeigelboim BS, Klagenberg KF, Teive HAG, Munhoz RP, Martins-Bassetto J. Vestibular rehabilitation: clinical benefits to patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2009;67(2\u2013A):219\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0004-282X2009000200009.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"3649_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-015-0506-1","volume":"28","author":"J Sto\u017cek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sto\u017cek J, Rudzi\u0144ska M, Pustu\u0142ka-Piwnik U, Szczudlik A. The effect of the rehabilitation program on balance, gait, physical performance and trunk rotation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016;28(6):1169\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-015-0506-1.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3649_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.47176\/mjiri.37.125","volume":"37","author":"M Seyedahmadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seyedahmadi M, Taherzadeh J, Akbari H. The effect of 12 weeks of cawthorne-cooksey exercises on balance and quality of life in patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2023;37:125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47176\/mjiri.37.125.","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"3649_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2022","volume":"117","author":"CS Chuang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chuang CS, Chen YW, Zeng BY, Hung CM, Tu YK, Tai YC, et al. Effects of modern technology (exergame and virtual reality) assisted rehabilitation vs conventional rehabilitation in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Physiotherapy. 2022;117:35\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physio.2022.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"3649_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.1.436","volume":"82","author":"GT Gdowski","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gdowski GT, McCrea RA. Integration of vestibular and head movement signals in the vestibular nuclei during whole-body rotation. J Neurophysiol. 1999;82(1):436\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.1999.82.1.436.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3649_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04796-6","volume":"42","author":"JY Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang JY, Zhang B, Ren QG, Zhong Q, Li Y, Liu GT, et al. Eye movement especially vertical oculomotor impairment as an aid to assess Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(6):2337\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-020-04796-6.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"3649_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2020.100085","volume":"4","author":"K Frei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frei K. Abnormalities of smooth pursuit in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review. Clin Park Relat Disord. 2021;4:100085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prdoa.2020.100085.","journal-title":"Clin Park Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3649_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04215.x","volume":"22","author":"MA Basso","year":"2005","unstructured":"Basso MA, Pokorny JJ, Liu P. Activity of substantia Nigra pars reticulata neurons during smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys. Eur J Neurosci. 2005;22(2):448\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04215.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"3649_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6913691","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6913691","volume":"2022","author":"A Abasi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abasi A, Hoseinabadi R, Raji P, Friedman JH, Hadian MR. Evaluating oculomotor tests before and after vestibular rehabilitation in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot pre-post study. Parkinsons Dis. 2022;2022:6913691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/6913691.","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"3649_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00960","volume":"9","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Yan A, Liu B, Wan Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y, et al. Oculomotor performances are associated with motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Neurol. 2018;9:960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00960.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3649_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.3.324","volume":"52","author":"MA Hely","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hely MA, Morris JG, Rail D, Reid WG, O\u2019Sullivan DJ, Williamson PM, et al. The Sydney multicentre study of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a report on the first 3 years. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52(3):324\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.52.3.324.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"3649_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2013.05.001","volume":"28","author":"J Kulisevsky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kulisevsky J, Luquin MR, Arbelo JM, Burguera JA, Carrillo F, Castro A, et al. Enfermedad De Parkinson avanzada. Caracter\u00edsticas cl\u00ednicas y tratamiento (parte I). Neurologia. 2013;28(8):503\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nrl.2013.05.001.","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"3649_CR39","first-page":"106","volume":"30","author":"T Cawthorne","year":"1944","unstructured":"Cawthorne T. The physiological basis for head exercises. J Chart Soc Physio Ther. 1944;30:106\u20137.","journal-title":"J Chart Soc Physio Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"3649_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/003591574603900523","volume":"39","author":"FS Cooksey","year":"1946","unstructured":"Cooksey FS. Rehabilitation in vestibular injuries. Proc R Soc Med. 1946;39(5):273\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/003591574603900523.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3649_CR41","first-page":"1483","volume":"37","author":"KA Turano","year":"1996","unstructured":"Turano KA, Dagnelie G, Herdman SJ. Visual stabilization of posture in persons with central visual field loss. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37(8):1483\u201391.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3649_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989411000302","volume":"110","author":"DL Hoffman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hoffman DL, O\u2019Leary DP, Munjack DJ. Autorotation test abnormalities of the horizontal and vertical vestibulo-ocular reflexes in panic disorder. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;110(3):259\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/019459989411000302.","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"3649_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24549","DOI":"10.34119\/bjhrv6n5-501","volume":"6","author":"HAS Carvalho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carvalho HAS, Sousa LCS, Concei\u00e7\u00e3o LP, Santos NV, Novanta GGR. Realidade virtual como proposta de interven\u00e7\u00e3o nas patologias vestibulares: revis\u00e3o integrativa. Braz J Hea Rev. 2023;6(5):24549\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34119\/bjhrv6n5-501.","journal-title":"Braz J Hea Rev"},{"key":"3649_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00285","volume":"5","author":"M Lacour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lacour M, Bernard-Demanze L. Interaction between vestibular compensation mechanisms and vestibular rehabilitation therapy: 10 recommendations for optimal functional recovery. Front Neurol. 2015;5:285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2014.00285.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3649_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003","volume":"85","author":"DL Kornetti","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kornetti DL, Fritz SL, Chiu YP, Light KE, Velozo CA. Rating scale analysis of the Berg Balance Scale. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(7):1128\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2003. 11.019.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"12","key":"3649_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3570-4","volume":"39","author":"G Taghizadeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taghizadeh G, Martinez-Martin P, Fereshtehnejad SM, Habibi SA, Nikbakht N, Alizadeh NH, et al. Psychometric properties of the Berg Balance Scale in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019 disease in the drug off-phase. Neurol Sci. 2018;39(12):2175\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-018-3570-4.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"3649_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26572","volume":"31","author":"BR Bloem","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bloem BR, Marinus J, Almeida Q, Dibble L, Nieuwboer A, Post B, et al. Measurement instruments to assess posture, gait, and balance in Parkinson\u2019s disease: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord. 2016;31(9):1342\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26572.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"3649_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1232774","volume":"24","author":"J Opara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Opara J, Ma\u0142ecki A, Ma\u0142ecka E, Socha T. Motor assessment in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2017;24(3):411\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5604\/12321966.1232774.","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"3649_CR49","volume-title":"European physiotherapy guideline for Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"S Keus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keus S, Munneke M, Graziano M, Paltamaa J, Pelosin E, Domingos J, et al. European physiotherapy guideline for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Netherlands: KNGF\/ParkinsonNet; 2014."},{"issue":"6","key":"3649_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20070214","volume":"88","author":"T Steffen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steffen T, Seney M. Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change on balance and ambulation tests, the 36-item short-form health survey, and the unified Parkinson disease rating scale in people with parkinsonism. Phys Ther. 2008;88(6):733\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20070214.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"3649_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.05.009","volume":"102","author":"A Bonner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonner A, Alexander PE, Brignardello PR, Furukawa TA, Siemieniuk RA, Zhang Y, et al. Applying GRADE to a network meta-analysis of antidepressants led to more conservative conclusions. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018;102:87\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.05.009.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03649-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03649-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03649-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T04:06:12Z","timestamp":1715659572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03649-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03649-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We confirm that we have read the Journal\u2019s position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this work is consistent with those guidelines. The authors confirm that the approval of an institutional review board was not required for this work. The authors confirm that patient consent was not required for this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"We grant publication of the article to BMC journal. We confirm that we understand BMC Neurology is an open access journal that levies an article processing charge per articles accepted for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"161"}}