{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T12:55:35Z","timestamp":1781268935485,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03831-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T05:01:51Z","timestamp":1727499711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Upper cervical epidural abscess with emphasis on diabetes as a risk factor: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nagi A.","family":"Massoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman H.","family":"Alashkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Aljawash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elhaytham","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"3831_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000649","author":"F Chow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chow F. Brain and spinal epidural abscess. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/CON.0000000000000649.","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"3831_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/pl00011954","author":"E Reihsaus","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reihsaus E, Waldbaur H, Seeling W. Spinal epidural abscess: a meta-analysis of 915 patients. Neurosurg Rev. 2000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/pl00011954.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"3831_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1565260","author":"K Al-Hourani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Hourani K, Al-Aref R, Mesfin A. Upper Cervical Epidural Abscess in Clinical Practice: diagnosis and management. Global Spine J. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0035-1565260.","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"3831_CR4","unstructured":"Rubin M. Spinal Epidural Abscess. In: Merck Manuals Professional Edition. 2023. https:\/\/www.merckmanuals.com\/professional\/neurologic-disorders\/spinal-cord-disorders\/spinal-epidural-abscess. Accessed 23 Dec 2023."},{"key":"3831_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)32048-4","volume":"27","author":"FA Broner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Broner FA, Garland DE, Zigler JE. Spinal infections in the immunocompromised host. Orthop Clin North Am. 1996;27:37\u201346.","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"3831_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050460","author":"P Sillevis Smitt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sillevis Smitt P, Tsafka A, van den Bent M, de Bruin H, Hendriks W, Vecht C, Teng-van de Zande F. Spinal epidural abscess complicating chronic epidural analgesia in 11 cancer patients: clinical findings and magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol. 1999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004150050460.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"3831_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199506000-00027","volume":"38","author":"JM Still","year":"1995","unstructured":"Still JM, Abramson R, Law E. Development of an epidural abscess following staphylococcal septicemia in an acutely burned patient: case report. J Trauma. 1995;38:958\u20139.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"3831_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2131","author":"IM Carey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carey IM, Critchley JA, DeWilde S, Harris T, Hosking FJ, Cook DG. Risk of infection in type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with the General Population: a matched cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc17-2131.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"3831_CR9","unstructured":"Zhou K, Lansang MC et al. Diabetes Mellitus and Infections. [Updated 2021 Mar 16]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR,. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK569326\/"},{"key":"3831_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/cd23-as01","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2022","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023 abridged for primary care providers. Clin Diabetes. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/cd23-as01.","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"key":"3831_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134509","author":"SA Papadakis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Papadakis SA, Ampadiotaki MM, Pallis D, Tsivelekas K, Nikolakakos P, Agapitou L, Sapkas G. Cervical spinal epidural abscess: diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes: a Case Series and a literature review. J Clin Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12134509.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"3831_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194812022392301","author":"AP Eusner","year":"1948","unstructured":"Eusner AP. Nontuberculous spinal epidural infections. N Engl J Med. 1948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM194812022392301.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3831_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(95)00036-j","author":"SA Azizi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Azizi SA, Fayad PB, Fulbright R, Giroux ML, Waxman SG. Clivus and cervical spinal osteomyelitis with epidural abscess presenting with multiple cranial neuropathies. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0303-8467(95)00036-j.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"3831_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00912-6","author":"MA Lima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lima MA, Silva MTT, Soares CN, Coutinho R, Oliveira HS, Afonso L, et al. Peripheral facial nerve palsy associated with COVID-19. J Neurovirol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00912-6.","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"3831_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stamatiou I, Papachristou S, Papanas N. Diabetes Mellitus and Bell\u2019s Palsy. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2023;19(1):e080322201913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1573399818666220308161023. PMID: 35260056.","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399818666220308161023"},{"issue":"3","key":"3831_CR16","first-page":"573","volume":"9","author":"H Pettersson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pettersson H, Larsson EM, Holt\u00e5s S, et al. MR imaging of the cervical spine in rheumatoid arthritis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1988;9(3):573\u20137.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"3831_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcm100","author":"P Sendi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sendi P, Bregenzer T, Zimmerli W. Spinal epidural abscess in clinical practice. QJM: Monthly J Association Physicians. 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/hcm100.","journal-title":"QJM: Monthly J Association Physicians"},{"key":"3831_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0660","author":"CA Rojas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rojas CA, Bertozzi JC, Martinez CR, Whitlow J. Reassessment of the craniocervical junction: normal values on CT. AJNR. Am J Neuroradiol. 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A0660.","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"3831_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-011-0817-7","author":"Y Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen Y, Zhuang Z, Qi W, Yang H, Chen Z, Wang X, Kong K. A three-dimensional study of the atlantodental interval in a normal Chinese population using reformatted computed tomography. Surg Radiol Anat. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-011-0817-7.","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"3831_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jcvjs.jcvjs_55_21","author":"A Goel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goel A. Indicators of atlantoaxial instability. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jcvjs.jcvjs_55_21.","journal-title":"J Craniovertebr Junction Spine"},{"key":"3831_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410170408","author":"D Leys","year":"1985","unstructured":"Leys D, Lesoin F, Viaud C, Pasquier F, Rousseaux M, Jomin M, Petit H. Decreased morbidity from acute bacterial spinal epidural abscesses using computed tomography and nonsurgical treatment in selected patients. Ann Neurol. 1985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410170408.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"3831_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410140107012","volume":"153","author":"DR Maslen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Maslen DR, Jones SR, Crislip MA, Bracis R, Dworkin RJ, Flemming JE. Spinal epidural abscess. Optimizing patient care. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1713\u201321.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"3831_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_294_2020","author":"N Epstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Epstein N. Diagnosis, and treatment of cervical epidural abscess and\/or cervical vertebral osteomyelitis with or without Retropharyngeal Abscess; a review. Surg Neurol Int. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/SNI_294_2020.","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03831-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03831-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03831-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T05:02:11Z","timestamp":1727499731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03831-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3831"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03831-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"361"}}