{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:25:10Z","timestamp":1791419110245,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03934-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T04:33:15Z","timestamp":1730781195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Osmotic demyelination syndrome: revisiting the diagnostic criteria through two fatal cases"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Biancamaria","family":"Treves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Consalvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Delogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donato","family":"Morena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Padovano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Santurro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Scopetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Fineschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3934_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1959.02340140020004","volume":"81","author":"RD Adams","year":"1959","unstructured":"Adams RD, Victor M, Mancall EL. Central pontine myelinolysis: a hitherto undescribed disease occurring in alcoholic and malnourished patients. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1959;81:154\u201372.","journal-title":"AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3934_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7466381","volume":"211","author":"BK Kleinschmidt-DeMasters","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Norenberg MD. Rapid correction of hyponatremia causes demyelination: relation to central pontine myelinolysis. Science. 1981;211:1068\u201370.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"Suppl 3 Suppl 3","key":"3934_CR3","first-page":"iii22","volume":"75","author":"RJ Martin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Martin RJ. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: the osmotic demyelination syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(Suppl 3 Suppl 3):iii22\u201328.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3934_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200012000-00014","volume":"13","author":"WD Brown","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brown WD. Osmotic demyelination disorders: central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2000;13:691.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"3934_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12571","volume":"21","author":"TD Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh TD, Fugate JE, Rabinstein AA. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: a systematic review. Eur J Neurol. 2014;21:1443\u201350.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"3934_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.201764","volume":"82","author":"RN Kallakatta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kallakatta RN, Radhakrishnan A, Fayaz RK, Unnikrishnan JP, Kesavadas C, Sarma SP. Clinical and functional outcome and factors predicting prognosis in osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine and\/or extrapontine myelinolysis) in 25 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82:326\u201331.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3934_CR7","first-page":"600","volume":"116","author":"J Lambeck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lambeck J, Hieber M, Dre\u00dfing A, Niesen W-D. Central pontine myelinosis and osmotic demyelination syndrome. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2019;116:600\u20136.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"3934_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.04.005","volume":"19","author":"A de Souza","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Souza A. Movement disorders and the osmotic demyelination syndrome. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19:709\u201316.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"3934_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132812Y.0000000009","volume":"34","author":"A de Souza","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Souza A, Desai PK. More often striatal myelinolysis than pontine? A consecutive series of patients with osmotic demyelination syndrome. Neurol Res. 2012;34:262\u201371.","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3934_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P143","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10750","volume":"16","author":"M Peters","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peters M, Van der Hoeven J, Hoedemaekers C. Risk factors for poor outcome in patients with osmotic demyelination syndrome. Crit Care. 2012;16(Suppl 1):P143.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"3934_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2004.08.005","volume":"68","author":"M Shintani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shintani M, Yamashita M, Nakano A, Aotani D, Maeda K, Yamamoto T, et al. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis associated with type 2 diabetic patient with hypokalemia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;68:75\u201380.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"3934_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.182.3.1820809","volume":"182","author":"NC Tarhan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tarhan NC, Agildere AM, Benli US, Ozdemir FN, Aytekin C, Can U. Osmotic demyelination syndrome in end-stage renal disease after recent hemodialysis: MRI of the brain. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182:809\u201316.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"3934_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-1020","volume":"170","author":"G Spasovski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, Annane D, Ball S, Bichet D, et al. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170:G1\u201347.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"3934_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05286-y","volume":"35","author":"JD Woodfine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Woodfine JD, van Walraven C. Criteria for hyponatremic overcorrection: systematic review and cohort study of emergently ill patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35:315\u201321.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"10 Suppl 1","key":"3934_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.07.006","volume":"126","author":"JG Verbalis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, Korzelius C, Schrier RW, Sterns RH, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med. 2013;126(10 Suppl 1):S1\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"3934_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.04.020","volume":"56","author":"RH Sterns","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sterns RH, Hix JK, Silver S. Treating profound hyponatremia: a strategy for controlled correction. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56:774\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"3934_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfw034","volume":"9","author":"RM Hanna","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hanna RM, Yang W-T, Lopez EA, Riad JN, Wilson J. The utility and accuracy of four equations in predicting sodium levels in dysnatremic patients. Clin Kidney J. 2016;9:530\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"3934_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103712","volume":"37","author":"IS Edelman","year":"1958","unstructured":"Edelman IS, Leibman J, O\u2019meara MP, Birkenfeld LW. Interrelations between serum sodium concentration, serum osmolarity and total exchangeable sodium, total exchangeable potassium and total body water. J Clin Invest. 1958;37:1236\u201356.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"3934_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R120","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00412.2009","volume":"298","author":"C Overgaard-Steensen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Overgaard-Steensen C, Larsson A, Bluhme H, T\u00f8nnesen E, Fr\u00f8kiaer J, Ring T. Edelman\u2019s equation is valid in acute hyponatremia in a porcine model: plasma sodium concentration is determined by external balances of water and cations. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010;298:R120\u2013129.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"3934_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0776-x","volume":"41","author":"E Sbardella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sbardella E, Isidori AM, Arnaldi G, Arosio M, Barone C, Benso A, et al. Approach to hyponatremia according to the clinical setting: consensus statement from the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE), Italian Society of Nephrology (SIN), and Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM). J Endocrinol Invest. 2018;41:3\u201319.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"3934_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-021-01634-0","volume":"121","author":"P Bose","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bose P. Central pontine myelinolysis and the osmotic demyelination syndromes: an open and shut case? Acta Neurol Belg. 2021;121:849\u201358.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"3934_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-5960-1-40","volume":"1","author":"BFG Popescu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Popescu BFG, Bunyan RF, Guo Y, Parisi JE, Lennon VA, Lucchinetti CF. Evidence of aquaporin involvement in human central pontine myelinolysis. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2013;1:40.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"3934_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106811","volume":"208","author":"S Kalampokini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalampokini S, Artemiadis A, Zis P, Hadjihannas L, Parpas G, Kyrri A, et al. Osmotic demyelination syndrome improving after immune-modulating treatment: case report and literature review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2021;208:106811.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"3934_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(96)00175-X","volume":"142","author":"KL Newell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Newell KL, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Central pontine myelinolysis at autopsy; a twelve year retrospective analysis. J Neurol Sci. 1996;142:134\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"3934_CR25","first-page":"e30328","volume":"14","author":"C Furtado","year":"2022","unstructured":"Furtado C, Nayak S, Jadun C, Srivastava S, Hashim Z. Radiological appearance and imaging techniques in the diagnosis of advanced central pontine myelinolysis. Cureus. 2022;14:e30328.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"3934_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.27.4.317","volume":"27","author":"JL Chason","year":"1964","unstructured":"Chason JL, Landers JW, Gonzalez JE. Central pontine myelinolysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1964;27:317\u201325.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3934_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050435","volume":"246","author":"H Menger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Menger H, J\u00f6rg J. Outcome of central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis (n\u2009=\u200944). J Neurol. 1999;246:700\u20135.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"3934_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000932","volume":"11","author":"W Fitts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fitts W, Vogel AC, Mateen FJ. The changing face of osmotic demyelination syndrome. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021;11:304\u201310.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"3934_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181d3cd78","volume":"339","author":"JD King","year":"2010","unstructured":"King JD, Rosner MH. Osmotic demyelination syndrome. Am J Med Sci. 2010;339:561\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"3934_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharif MW, Singh A, Enabi J, Karkee R, Sanivarapu R. Delayed presentation of osmotic demyelination syndrome treated with plasmapheresis. Cureus. 2023;15:e47399.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47399"},{"key":"3934_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-007-0208-0","volume":"122","author":"E Turillazzi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Turillazzi E, Karch SB, Neri M, Pomara C, Riezzo I, Fineschi V. Confocal laser scanning microscopy. Using new technology to answer old questions in forensic investigations. Int J Legal Med. 2008;122:173\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03934-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03934-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03934-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T16:03:43Z","timestamp":1730822623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03934-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3934"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03934-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The processing of the data presented in this paper is covered by the general authorization to process personal data for scientific research purposes granted by the Italian Data Protection Authority (1 March 2012 as published in Italy\u2019s Official Journal no. 72 dated 26 March 2012) since the data do not entail any significant personalized impact on the subjects. As the study does not involve the application of experimental protocols, approval from an institutional and\/or licensing committee, is not required. The patients are deceased and are legal cases. In case 2 prosecutors opened an investigation; an autopsy was ordered to clarify the exact cause of death. Italian legislation does not require consent for publishing this type of study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All co-authors of the present manuscript can certify that it has not been submitted to more than one journal for simultaneous consideration and that the manuscript has not been published previously (partly or in full). The authors also can certify that our main study is not split into several parts to increase the number of submissions, that none of the data presented here have been fabricated or manipulated, and that we present our data\/text\/theories\/ideas. All authors and authorities have explicitly provided their consent to submit the present manuscript; in general, we all agree with the ethical responsibilities of the authors of the journal. Finally, all authors permit publication in BMC Neurology.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"428"}}