{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T15:10:51Z","timestamp":1783350651514,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-025-04112-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T07:32:19Z","timestamp":1742801539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Therapeutic efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on gait and limb balance function in patients with lower limb dysfunction post-cerebral infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"De-mei","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin-cang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing-ran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiu-juan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin-ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4112_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.314574","volume":"69","author":"P Tater","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tater P. Pandey SPost-stroke Movement Disorders: Clinical Spectrum, Pathogenesis, and Management. Neurol India. 2021;69(2):272\u201383.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"4","key":"4112_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30500-3","volume":"18","author":"S Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu S, Wu B, Liu M, Chen Z, Wang W, Anderson CS, Sandercock P, Wang Y, Huang Y, Cui L, Pu C, Jia J, Zhang T, Liu X, Zhang S, Xie P, Fan D, Ji X, Wong KL, Wang L. China Stroke Study Collaboration. Stroke\u00a0in\u00a0China: advances and challenges in epidemiology, prevention, and management. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(4):394\u2013405.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"4112_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-020-01320-7","volume":"120","author":"C Selves","year":"2020","unstructured":"Selves C, Stoquart G, Lejeune T. Gait rehabilitation after stroke: review of the evidence of predictors, clinical outcomes and timing for interventions. Acta Neurol Belg. 2020;120(4):783\u201390.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4112_CR4","first-page":"605","volume":"29","author":"MW O'Dell","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Dell MW. Stroke Rehabilitation and Motor Recovery. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2023Apr 1;29(2):605\u201327.","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4112_CR5","first-page":"jrm00015","volume":"52","author":"WJ Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim WJ, Rosselin C, Amatya B, Hafezi P, Khan F. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for management of post-stroke impairments: An overview of systematic reviews. J Rehabil Med. 2020;52(2):jrm00015.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"4112_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.205100","volume":"12","author":"ZY Meng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meng ZY, Song WQ. Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves motor dysfunction after cerebral infarction. Neural Regen Res. 2017;12(4):610\u20133.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"4112_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bestmann S. The physiological basis of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Trends Cogn Sci. 2008;12(3):81\u20133.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.12.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"4112_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2022.03.335","volume":"32","author":"D Demiroz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Demiroz D, Cicek IE, Kurku H, Eren I. Neurotrophic Factor Levels and Cognitive Functions before and after the Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Treatment Resistant Depression. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2022;32(3):335\u20139.","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"issue":"5","key":"4112_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25881","volume":"88","author":"CL Chung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chung CL, Mak MK, Hallett M. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Promotes Gait Training in Parkinson Disease. Ann Neurol. 2020;88(5):933\u201345.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4112_CR10","first-page":"175","volume":"11","author":"F Moslemi Haghighi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moslemi Haghighi F, Kordi Yoosefinejad A, Razeghi M, Shariat A, Bagheri Z, Rezaei K. The Effect of High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Functional Indices of Affected Upper Limb in Patients with Subacute Stroke. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2021Apr 1;11(2):175\u201384.","journal-title":"J Biomed Phys Eng"},{"issue":"8","key":"4112_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1988","volume":"47","author":"Y Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li Y, Qu Y, Yuan M, Du T. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for patients with aphasia after stoke: A meta-analysis. J Rehabil Med. 2015;47(8):675\u201381.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med."},{"issue":"17","key":"4112_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.2c00395","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Li D, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Xu Z, Lei L, Xu F, Wang J. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of High-Frequency\u00a0rTMS\u00a0over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex .on Chronic\u00a0Pain\u00a0and Chronic-Pain-Accompanied Depression. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2022;13(17):2547\u201356.","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"4112_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01062-y","volume":"19","author":"J Veldema","year":"2022","unstructured":"Veldema J, Gharabaghi A. Non-invasive brain stimulation for improving gait, balance, and lower limbs motor function in stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2022;19(1):84.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"4112_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.005","volume":"58","author":"W Klomjai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Klomjai W, Katz R, Lackmy-Vall\u00e9e A. Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS). Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2015;58(4):208\u201313.","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4112_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1156","volume":"22","author":"N Andre-Obadia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andre-Obadia N, Magnin M, Simon E, Garcia-Larrea L. omatotopic effects of rTMS in neuropathic pain? A comparison between stimulation over hand and face motor areas. Eur J Pain. 2018;22(4):707\u201315.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"4112_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.03.025","volume":"117","author":"N Andr\u00e9-Obadia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9-Obadia N, Peyron R, Mertens P, Maugui\u00e8re F, Laurent B, Garcia-Larrea L. ranscranial magnetic stimulation for pain control. Double-blind study of different frequencies against placebo, and correlation with motor cortex stimulation efficacy. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117(7):1536\u201344.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"4112_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b270","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","volume":"339","author":"A Liberati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b270.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"11","key":"4112_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","volume":"162","author":"B Hutton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hutton B, Salanti G, Caldwell DM, Chaimani A, Schmid CH, Cameron C, Ioannidis JP, Straus S, Thorlund K, Jansen JP, Mulrow C, Catal\u00e1-L\u00f3pez F, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Dickersin K, Boutron I, Altman DG, Moher D. The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(11):777\u201384.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"4112_CR19","unstructured":"Rayyan. \u2013 Intelligent Systematic Review - Rayyan [Internet]. [cited 2024 May 17]. https:\/\/www.rayyan.ai\/"},{"key":"4112_CR20","unstructured":"Google Sheets: Online Spreadsheet Editor | Google Workspace [Internet]. [cited 2024 May 18]. https:\/\/www.google.com\/sheets\/about\/"},{"key":"4112_CR21","first-page":"3","volume":"5","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Higgins JP. green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version. 2011;5:3.","journal-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version"},{"key":"4112_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenzie JE, Brennan S E. Synthesizing and presenting findings using other methods. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, 2019;321\u2013347.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch12"},{"key":"4112_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, Cates CJ, Cheng HY, Corbett MS, Eldridge SM, Emberson JR, Hern\u00e1n MA, Hopewell S, Hr\u00f3bjartsson A, Junqueira DR, J\u00fcni P, Kirkham JJ, Lasserson T, Li T, McAleenan A, Reeves BC, Shepperd S, Shrier I, Stewart LA, Tilling K, White IR, Whiting PF, Higgins JPT. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366: l4898.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4112_CR24","unstructured":"Eldridge S, Campbell M, Campbell M, Dahota A, Giraudeau B, Higgins J, Siegfried N. Revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0):additional considerations for cluster-randomized trials. Cochrane Methods. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10. 2016"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4112_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320300166","volume":"30","author":"GS Fisch","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fisch GS, Cohen IL, Jenkins EC, Brown WT. Screening developmentally disabled male populations for fragile X:the effect of sample size. Am J Med Genet. 1988;30(1\u20132):655\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"4112_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.02.019","volume":"95","author":"R Chieffo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chieffo R, De Prezzo S, Houdayer E, Nuara A, Di Maggio G, Coppi E, Ferrari L, Straffi L, Spagnolo F, Velikova S, Sessa M, Comola M, Zangen A, Comi G, Leocani L. Deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with H-coil on lower limb motor function in chronic stroke: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(6):1141\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"issue":"5","key":"4112_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13228","volume":"24","author":"R Chieffo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chieffo R, Giatsidis F, Santangelo R, Alyagon U, Comola M, Zangen A, Comi G, Leocani L. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation With H-Coil Coupled With Cycling for Improving Lower Limb Motor Function After Stroke: An Exploratory Study. Neuromodulation. 2021;24(5):916\u201322.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"4112_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2016.40.5.826","volume":"40","author":"CM Choi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choi CM, Kim JH, Lee JK, Lee BY, Kee HS, Jung KI, Yoon SR. Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over Trunk Motor Spot on Balance Function in Stroke Patients. Ann Rehabil Med. 2016;40(5):826\u201334.","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4112_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.18869\/nirp.bcn.8.5.405","volume":"8","author":"B Forogh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Forogh B, Ahadi T, Nazari M, Sajadi S, Abdul Latif L, Akhavan Hejazi SM, Raissi G. The Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Postural Stability After Acute Stroke: A Clinical Trial. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2017;8(5):405\u201311.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"4112_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12762","volume":"23","author":"YZ Guan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guan YZ, Li J, Zhang XW, Wu S, Du H, Cui LY, Zhang WH. Effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) after acute stroke: A one-year longitudinal randomized trial. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2017;23(12):940\u20136.","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"4112_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000850","volume":"97","author":"YZ Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang YZ, Lin LF, Chang KH, Hu CJ, Liou TH, Lin YN. Priming With 1-Hz Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over Contralesional Leg Motor Cortex Does Not Increase the Rate of Regaining Ambulation Within 3 Months of Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;97(5):339\u201345.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"4112_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1802","volume":"46","author":"WS Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim WS, Jung SH, Oh MK, Min YS, Lim JY, Paik NJ. Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the cerebellum on patients with ataxia after posterior circulation stroke: A pilot study. J Rehabil Med. 2014;46(5):418\u201323.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4112_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.3639","volume":"76","author":"G Koch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koch G, Bonn\u00ec S, Casula EP, Iosa M, Paolucci S, Pellicciari MC, Cinnera AM, Ponzo V, Maiella M, Picazio S, Sallustio F, Caltagirone C. Effect of Cerebellar Stimulation on Gait and Balance Recovery in Patients With Hemiparetic Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(2):170\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4112_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320971735","volume":"35","author":"LY Liao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liao LY, Xie YJ, Chen Y, Gao Q. Cerebellar Theta-Burst Stimulation Combined With Physiotherapy in Subacute and Chronic Stroke Patients: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2021;35(1):23\u201332.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"2","key":"4112_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.18.05245-0","volume":"55","author":"LF Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin LF, Chang KH, Huang YZ, Lai CH, Liou TH, Lin YN. Simultaneous stimulation in bilateral leg motor areas with intermittent theta burst stimulation to improve functional performance after stroke: a feasibility pilot study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2019;55(2):162\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4112_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1943","volume":"47","author":"YN Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin YN, Hu CJ, Chi JY, Lin LF, Yen TH, Lin YK, Liou TH. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere leg motor area in patients with subacute stroke and substantial leg impairment: A pilot study. J Rehabil Med. 2015;47(4):305\u201310.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"4112_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2015.1107780","volume":"38","author":"M Rastgoo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rastgoo M, Naghdi S, Nakhostin Ansari N, Olyaei G, Jalaei S, Forogh B, Najari H. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on lower extremity spasticity and motor function in stroke patients. Disabil Rehabil. 2016Sep;38(19):1918\u201326.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"4112_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-016-0687-1","volume":"117","author":"N Sasaki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sasaki N, Abo M, Hara T, Yamada N, Niimi M, Kakuda W. High-frequency rTMS on leg motor area in the early phase of stroke. Acta Neurol Belg. 2017Mar;117(1):189\u201394.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4112_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000435","volume":"28","author":"C Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang C, Zeng Q, Yuan Z, Wang W, Shen M. Effects of Low-Frequency (0.5 Hz) and High-Frequency (10 Hz) Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Neurological Function, Motor Function, and Excitability of Cortex in Ischemic Stroke Patients. Neurologist. 2023;28(1):11\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurologist."},{"issue":"4","key":"4112_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.03.020","volume":"13","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Q, Zhang D, Zhao YY, Hai H, Ma YW. Effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the contralesional motor cortex on motor recovery in severe hemiplegic stroke: A randomized clinical trial. Brain Stimul. 2020;13(4):979\u201386.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"3","key":"4112_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311423265","volume":"26","author":"RY Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang RY, Tseng HY, Liao KK, Wang CJ, Lai KL, Yang YR. rTMS combined with task-oriented training to improve symmetry of interhemispheric corticomotor excitability and gait performance after stroke: a randomized trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012;26(3):222\u201330.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"4112_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.12.023","volume":"68","author":"RY Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang RY, Wang FY, Huang SF, Yang YR. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhanced treadmill training effects on gait performance in individuals with chronic stroke: A double-blinded randomized controlled pilot trial. Gait Posture. 2019Feb;68:382\u20137.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"9","key":"4112_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12091185","volume":"12","author":"H Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu H, Liu S, Dai P, Wang Z, Liu C, Zhang H. Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Gait and Postural Control Ability of Patients with Executive Dysfunction after Stroke. Brain Sci. 2022;12(9):1185.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"4112_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004597","volume":"48","author":"F Herpich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herpich F, Rincon F. Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(11):1654\u201363.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"4112_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683231207360","volume":"37","author":"JMB Roelofs","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roelofs JMB, Zandvliet SB, Schut IM, Huisinga ACM, Schouten AC, Hendricks HT, de Kam D, Aerden LAM, Bussmann JBJ, Geurts ACH, Weerdesteyn V. Mild Stroke, Serious Problems: Limitations in Balance and Gait Capacity and the Impact on Fall Rate, and Physical Activity. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2023;37(11\u201312):786\u201398.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"11","key":"4112_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300060521105941","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605211059413","volume":"49","author":"U Ahmed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed U, Karimi H, Amir S, Ahmed A. Effects of intensive multiplanar trunk training coupled with dual-task exercises on balance, mobility, and fall risk in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Med Res. 2021;49(11):3000605211059413.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4112_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E706","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20200107","volume":"8","author":"EKC Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong EKC, Belza C, Naimark DMJ, Straus SE, Wijeysundera HC. Cost-effectiveness of antithrombotic agents for atrial fibrillation in older adults at risk for falls: a mathematical modelling study. CMAJ Open. 2020;8(4):E706\u201314.","journal-title":"CMAJ Open."},{"issue":"6","key":"4112_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/JNN.0b013e318234ea24","volume":"43","author":"M An","year":"2011","unstructured":"An M, Shaughnessy M. The effects of exercise-based rehabilitation on balance and gait for stroke patients: a systematic review. J Neurosci Nurs. 2011;43(6):298\u2013307.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Nurs"},{"key":"4112_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00fcdemann-Podubeck\u00e1 J, B\u00f6sl K, Nowak DA. Repetitive\u00a0transcranial\u00a0magnetic\u00a0stimulation\u00a0for motor recovery of the upper limb after\u00a0stroke. Prog Brain Res. 2015;218:281\u2013311. L\u00fcdemann-Podubeck\u00e1 et al.,2015","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2014.12.001"},{"issue":"4","key":"4112_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07217-6","volume":"45","author":"M Cai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cai M, Zhang JL, Wang XJ, Cai KR, Li SY, Du XL, Wang LY, Yang RY, Han J, Hu JY, Lyu J. Clinical application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in improving functional impairments post-stroke: review of the current evidence and potential challenges. Neurol Sci. 2024;45(4):1419\u201328.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"4112_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215519835889","volume":"33","author":"YC Tung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tung YC, Lai CH, Liao CD, Huang SW, Liou TH, Chen HC. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of lower limb motor function in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rehabil. 2019;33(7):1102\u201312.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil."},{"issue":"37","key":"4112_CR52","first-page":"2639","volume":"86","author":"YW Mei","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mei YW, Liu CY, Zhang XQ. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on recovery of neural functions and changes of synaptic interface and dendritic structure in the contralateral brain area after cerebral infarction: experiment with rats. 2006;86(37):2639\u201342.","journal-title":"Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on recovery of neural functions and changes of synaptic interface and dendritic structure in the contralateral brain area after cerebral infarction: experiment with rats"},{"issue":"5","key":"4112_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-009-1342-3","volume":"37","author":"F Gao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gao F, Wang S, Guo Y, Wang J, Lou M, Wu J, Ding M, Tian M, Zhang H. Protective effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a rat model of transient cerebral ischaemia: a microPET study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37(5):954\u201361.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"4112_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197422","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1197422","volume":"14","author":"R Sheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sheng R, Chen C, Chen H, Yu P. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for stroke rehabilitation: insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuroinflammation. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1197422.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4112_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172293","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1172293","volume":"14","author":"YW Bai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bai YW, Yang QH, Chen PJ, Wang XQ. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation regulates neuroinflammation in neuropathic pain. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1172293.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"4112_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.878345","volume":"16","author":"J Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo J, Feng Y, Li M, Yin M, Qin F, Hu X. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improves Neurological Function and Promotes the Anti-inflammatory Polarization of Microglia in Ischemic Rats. Front Cell Neurosci. 2022;16: 878345.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4112_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.04.018","volume":"14","author":"PB Fitzgerald","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fitzgerald PB. Targeting repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression: do we really know what we are stimulating and how best to do it? Brain Stimul. 2021;14(3):730\u20136.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"4112_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804281-6.00005-7","volume":"163","author":"MJ Burke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burke MJ, Fried PJ, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: Neurophysiological and clinical applications. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;163:73\u201392.","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4112_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2019.43.1.62","volume":"43","author":"H Choi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Choi H, Seo KC, Kim TU, Lee SJ, Hyun JK. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Enhances Recovery in Central Cord Syndrome Patients. Ann Rehabil Med. 2019Feb;43(1):62\u201373.","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"4112_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.02.020","volume":"78","author":"HT Goh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goh HT, Connolly K, Hardy J, McCain K, Walker-Batson D. Single session of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex increased dual-task gait speed in chronic stroke: A pilot study. Gait Posture. 2020;78:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"4112_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin.2020.03.134","volume":"19","author":"YW Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim YW, Cui JX, Jin SL, Jee SJ, Sohn MK. Attentional and neurophysiologic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Integr Neurosci. 2020;19(3):397\u2013404.","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci."},{"issue":"17","key":"4112_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144480","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1144480","volume":"19","author":"S Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen S, He X, Wei X, Huang J, Zhang J. After-effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with parameter dependence on long-term potentiation-like plasticity and object recognition memory in rats. Front Neurosci. 2023;19(17):1144480.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"4112_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2014.43","volume":"27","author":"H Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu H, Lu Z, Jin Y, Duan X, Teng J, Duan D. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on Parkinson motor function: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2015;27(2):82\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"4112_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-018-0957-1","volume":"119","author":"M Niimi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niimi M, Sasaki N, Kimura C, Hara T, Yamada N, Abo M. Sleep during low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is associated with functional improvement in upper limb hemiparesis after stroke. Acta Neurol Belg. 2019Jun;119(2):233\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4112_CR65","first-page":"83","volume":"48","author":"Q Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Q, Shen D, Sun H, Ke J, Wang H, Pan S, Liu H, Wang D, Su M, Fang Q. Effects of coupling inhibitory and facilitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor recovery in patients following acute cerebral infarction. NeuroRehabilitation. 2021;48(1):83\u201396.","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation."},{"issue":"1","key":"4112_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.05.006","volume":"113","author":"A Montagne-Larmurier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Montagne-Larmurier A, Etard O, Razafimandimby A, Morello R, Dollfus S. Two-day treatment of auditory hallucinations by high frequency rTMS guided by cerebral imaging: a 6 month follow-up pilot study. Schizophr Res. 2009;113(1):77\u201383.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"4112_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bhae074","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae074","volume":"34","author":"L Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu L, Ding M, Wu J, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Wang N, Luo L, Yu K, Fan Y, Zhang J, Wu Y, Xiao X, Zhang Q. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation promotes ipsilesional functional hyperemia and motor recovery in mice with ischemic stroke. Cereb Cortex. 2024;34(3):bhae074.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"4112_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.101620","volume":"21","author":"J Du","year":"2019","unstructured":"Du J, Yang F, Hu J, Hu J, Xu Q, Cong N, Zhang Q, Liu L, Mantini D, Zhang Z, Lu G, Liu X. Effects of high- and low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor recovery in early stroke patients: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial with clinical, neurophysiological and functional imaging assessments. Neuroimage Clin. 2019;21: 101620.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"4112_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00268.2022","volume":"129","author":"N Brihmat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brihmat N, Allexandre D, Bayram MB, Saleh S, Guan X, Yue GH, Zhong J, Forrest GF. Safety and effects of a therapeutic 15 Hz rTMS protocol administered at different suprathreshold intensities in able-bodied individuals. J Neurophysiol. 2023;129(1):56\u201365.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"10131","key":"4112_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30295-2","volume":"391","author":"DM Blumberger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blumberger DM, Vila-Rodriguez F, Thorpe KE, Feffer K, Noda Y, Giacobbe P, Knyahnytska Y, Kennedy SH, Lam RW, Daskalakis ZJ, Downar J. Effectiveness of theta burst versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression (THREE-D): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10131):1683\u201392.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"4112_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000151","volume":"26","author":"T Sverak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sverak T, Ustohal L. Efficacy and Safety of Intensive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2018;26(1):19\u201326.","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"4112_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120473","volume":"443","author":"T Komatsu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Komatsu T, Hada T, Sasaki N, Kida H, Takahashi J, Maku T, Nakada R, Shiraishi T, Akiyama S, Kitagawa T, Sato T, Takatsu H, Sakuta K, Sakai K, Umehara T, Omoto S, Murakami H, Mitsumura H, Abo M, Iguchi Y. Effects and safety of high-frequency rTMS in acute intracerebral hemorrhage patients: A pilot study. J Neurol Sci. 2022;443: 120473.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"4112_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.01.018","volume":"62","author":"JP O'Reardon","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019Reardon JP, Solvason HB, Janicak PG, Sampson S, Isenberg KE, Nahas Z, McDonald WM, Avery D, Fitzgerald PB, Loo C, Demitrack MA, George MS, Sackeim HA. Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2007Dec 1;62(11):1208\u201316.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"23","key":"4112_CR74","first-page":"00742","volume":"S1094\u20137159","author":"C Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu C, Li L, Li B, Liu Z, Xing W, Zhu K, Jin W, Lin S, Tan W, Ren L, Zhang Q. Efficacy and Safety of Theta Burst vs Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Neuromodulation. 2023;S1094\u20137159(23):00742.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"4112_CR75","first-page":"1030","volume":"28","author":"H Xue","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xue H, Wang BJ,liu GR, et al. Effect of high frequency and low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor function recovery in patients with acute cerebral infarction Chinese Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2013;28(11):1030\u20134.","journal-title":"Effect of high frequency and low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor function recovery in patients with acute cerebral infarction Chinese Journal of rehabilitation medicine"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"4112_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.947626","volume":"28","author":"N Sasaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sasaki N, Kakuda W, Abo M. Bilateral high- and low- frequency rTMS in acute stroke patients with hemiparesis: A comparative study with unilateral high-frequency rTMS. Brain Inj. 2014;28(13\u201314):1682\u20136.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"4112_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0454","volume":"41","author":"N Takeuchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Takeuchi N, Tada T, Toshima M, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimualtion over bilateral hemispheres enhance motor function and training effect of paretic hand in patients after stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41:1049\u201354.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"4112_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Freitas Zanona A, Romeiro da Silva AC, do Rego Maciel AB, Gomes do Nascimento LS, Bezerra da Silva A, Bolognini N, Monte-Silva K. Somatosensory Cortex Repetitive\u00a0Transcranial\u00a0Magnetic\u00a0Stimulation\u00a0and Associative Sensory\u00a0Stimulation\u00a0of Peripheral Nerves Could Assist Motor and Sensory Recovery After\u00a0Stroke. Front Hum Neurosci. 2022;16:860965.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.860965"},{"key":"4112_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372159","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1372159","volume":"15","author":"S Fan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fan S, Yan L, Zhang J, Qian Y, Wang M, Yang L, Yu T. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on lower extremity motor function and optimal parameters in stroke patients with different stages of stroke: a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1372159.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"21","key":"4112_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4889","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2023.2283605","volume":"46","author":"W Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang W, Dai L, Liu W, Li X, Chen J, Zhang H, Chen W, Duan W. The effect and optimal parameters of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on lower extremity motor function in stroke patient: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Disabil Rehabil. 2024;46(21):4889\u2013900.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04112-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04112-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04112-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T09:03:31Z","timestamp":1742979811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04112-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04112-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was deemed not necessary for this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"De-mei Jia, Xuan Li, Bin-cang Zhang, and Ming-wei Liu had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Bin-cang Zhang, Bing-ran Zhang, and Qiu-juan Zhang contributed to the conceptualization, project administration, data curation, formal analysis and writing original draft. Xuan Li, Bing-ran Zhang, Qiu-juan Zhang, and Ming-wei Liu contributed to the methodology and writing review and editing. De-mei Jia, and Bin-cang Zhang contributed to the validation. Bing-ran Zhang, Qiu-juan Zhang, and Bin-cang Zhang contributed to the investigation (data collection). Xuan Li, De-mei Jia and Ming-wei Liu contributed to the supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"126"}}