{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,15]],"date-time":"2026-11-15T12:33:19Z","timestamp":1794745999683,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-025-04328-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T09:17:40Z","timestamp":1763025460000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative efficacy of new wake-promoting agents for narcolepsy-a network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zian","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghan","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyou","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4328_CR1","unstructured":"Medicine AAoS. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: diagnostic and coding manual, vol. 2nd edn. Chicago; 2005."},{"issue":"11","key":"4328_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00203-7","volume":"114","author":"Y Dauvilliers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dauvilliers Y, Billiard M, Montplaisir J. Clinical aspects and pathophysiology of narcolepsy. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(11):2000\u201317.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4328_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200103000-00002","volume":"18","author":"S Overeem","year":"2001","unstructured":"Overeem S, Mignot E, van Dijk JG, Lammers GJ. Narcolepsy: clinical features, new pathophysiologic insights, and future perspectives. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2001;18(2):78\u2013105.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4328_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10444","volume":"53","author":"TE Scammell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scammell TE. The neurobiology, diagnosis, and treatment of narcolepsy. Ann Neurol. 2003;53(2):154\u201366.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"4328_CR5","unstructured":"Medicine AAoS. International classification of sleep disorders, vol. 3rd ed. Darien; 2014."},{"issue":"9560","key":"4328_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60237-2","volume":"369","author":"Y Dauvilliers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dauvilliers Y, Arnulf I, Mignot E. Narcolepsy with cataplexy. Lancet. 2007;369(9560):499\u2013511.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"4328_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5594","volume":"12","author":"NM Flores","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flores NM, Villa KF, Black J, Chervin RD, Witt EA. The humanistic and economic burden of narcolepsy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(3):401\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4328_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-019-01890-8","volume":"24","author":"H Alasim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alasim H, AlQazlan S, Albanyan S, Alsalhi A, Buraik A, Olaish AH, Almeneessier AS, Alosaimi FD, AlHadi A, BaHammam AS. Comorbid psychiatric disorders among patients with narcolepsy. Sleep Breath. 2020;24(2):629\u201336.","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"4328_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.11.034","volume":"169","author":"B Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li B, Gao Z, He Y, Tian Y, Shen Y, Yu G, Geng X, Kou C. Narcolepsy and psychiatric disorders: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. J Psychiatr Res. 2024;169:42\u20138.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4328_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00689-1","volume":"34","author":"MJ Thorpy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thorpy MJ. Recently approved and upcoming treatments for narcolepsy. CNS Drugs. 2020;34(1):9\u201327.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"12","key":"4328_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2021.1915987","volume":"22","author":"G Pellitteri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pellitteri G, de Biase S, Valente M, Gigli GL. How treatable is narcolepsy with current pharmacotherapy and what does the future hold? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2021;22(12):1517\u201320.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"4328_CR12","unstructured":"EMA. Xyrem [https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/xyrem]"},{"key":"4328_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S404113","volume":"15","author":"S Zhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhan S, Ye H, Li N, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Wang Y, Hu S, Hou Y. Comparative efficacy and safety of multiple wake-promoting agents for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy: a network meta-analysis. Nat Sci Sleep. 2023;15:217\u201330.","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"issue":"12","key":"4328_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsy185","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy185","volume":"41","author":"P Lehert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lehert P, Falissard B. Multiple treatment comparison in narcolepsy: a network meta-analysis. Sleep. 2018;41(12):zsy185.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"4328_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.118.248120","volume":"366","author":"MG Baladi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baladi MG, Forster MJ, Gatch MB, Mailman RB, Hyman DL, Carter LP, Janowsky A. Characterization of the neurochemical and behavioral effects of Solriamfetol (JZP-110), a selective dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2018;366(2):367\u201376.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"4328_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.09.024","volume":"124","author":"Y Dauvilliers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dauvilliers Y, Roth T, Bogan R, Thorpy MJ, Morse AM, Roy A, Gudeman J. Efficacy of once-nightly sodium oxybate (FT218) on daytime symptoms in individuals with narcolepsy with or without concomitant alerting agent use: a post hoc analysis from the phase 3 REST-ON trial. Sleep Med. 2024;124:209\u201316.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"4328_CR17","volume":"13","author":"SP Fabara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fabara SP, Ortiz JF, Anas Sohail A, Hidalgo J, Altamimi A, Tama B, Patel UK. Efficacy of Pitolisant on the treatment of narcolepsy: a systematic review. Cureus. 2021;13(7): e16095.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"9","key":"4328_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsad135","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad135","volume":"46","author":"MF Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu MF, Thannickal TC, Li S, McGregor R, Lai YY, Siegel JM. Effects of sodium oxybate on hypocretin\/orexin and locus coeruleus neurons. Sleep. 2023;46(9):zsad135.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"4328_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01328-2","volume":"20","author":"N Sakai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sakai N, Nishino S. Comparison of solriamfetol and modafinil on arousal and anxiety-related behaviors in narcoleptic mice. Neurotherapeutics. 2023;20(2):546\u201363.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"4328_CR20","volume":"16","author":"ED Rehim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rehim ED, Vendrame M. Cataplexy mistaken for seizures in a patient with undiagnosed narcolepsy type I. Cureus. 2024;16(4): e57540.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"4328_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsae244","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae244","volume":"48","author":"F Naganuma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Naganuma F, Girgin B, Agu ABS, Hirano K, Nakamura T, Yanai K, Vetrivelan R, Mochizuki T, Yanagisawa M, Yoshikawa T. Pharmacological inhibition of histamine N-methyltransferase extends wakefulness and suppresses cataplexy in a mouse model of narcolepsy. Sleep. 2024;48:zsae244.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"27","key":"4328_CR22","first-page":"2549","volume":"104","author":"YQ Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan YQ, Zhu Y, Chen BZ, Yin TT, Ke Q, Xie L. Constructing a cataplexy face prediction model for narcolepsy type 1 based on ResNet-18. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2024;104(27):2549\u201355.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"9","key":"4328_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsae150","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae150","volume":"47","author":"CA Cano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cano CA, Harel BT, Scammell TE. Impaired cognition in narcolepsy: clinical and neurobiological perspectives. Sleep. 2024;47(9):zsae150.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"4328_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101610","volume":"63","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Ren R, Yang L, Zhang H, Shi Y, Vitiello MV, Tang X, Sanford LD. Comparative polysomnography parameters between narcolepsy type 1\/type 2 and idiopathic hypersomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2022;63: 101610.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"4328_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.09.023","volume":"124","author":"F Biscarini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Biscarini F, Bassi C, Menchetti M, Zenesini C, Baldini V, Franceschini C, Varallo G, Antelmi E, Vignatelli L, Pizza F, et al. Co-occurrence of anxiety and depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts, and hopelessness in patients with narcolepsy type 1. Sleep Med. 2024;124:141\u20135.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04328-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04328-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04328-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T09:17:41Z","timestamp":1763025461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04328-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04328-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"466"}}