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Apomorphine has been used as an acute treatment for off episodes in PD in recent years. However, conclusions from clinical studies regarding the efficacy and safety of apomorphine have been inconsistent, particularly prior to the publication of larger pivotal trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of apomorphine in PD patients, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and single-armed studies were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched to identify all related studies. Outcomes of interest were changes in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale Part III (UPDRS-III) scores, ON and OFF time, and adverse events (AES).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this meta-analysis, 20 clinical studies were included (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091262 patients): seventeen RCTs, and three single-armed studies. The pooled results from RCTs indicate that apomorphine treatment significantly improved patients\u2019 motor function compared to placebo. Specifically, there was a mean difference (MD) of -12.28 (95% CI: [-17.98, -6.59]) in UPDRS-III scores. Patients treated with apomorphine experienced a reduced off time (MD = -10.70, 95% CI: [-20.33, -1.06]), indicating a shorter duration of the \u201coff\u201d state. Furthermore, the combined results indicated a conversion rate from off to on state in PD patients treated with apomorphine of 0.79 (95% CI 0.67\u20130.89). In terms of safety analyses from single-armed studies, apomorphine treatment was associated with several AES, including nausea, drowsiness, vomiting, dizziness, and excessive sweating. However, the findings suggest that the incidence of AES was relatively low during treatment with apomorphine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The meta-analysis results indicate that apomorphine effectively improves dyskinesia and motor fluctuations in patients with PD. Furthermore, the incidence of AES was relatively low during treatment with apomorphine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-025-04516-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T15:13:36Z","timestamp":1764256416000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identification of the efficacy and safety of apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease via meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Haidong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baona","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9996","key":"4516_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","volume":"386","author":"LV Kalia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kalia LV, Lang AE. 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