{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T02:45:29Z","timestamp":1770173129129,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"Vedeck\u00e1 Grantov\u00e1 Agent\u00fara M\u0160VVa\u0160 SR a SAV","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01\/0092\/22."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/0092\/22."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-025-04597-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T13:33:02Z","timestamp":1767619982000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Positional nystagmus in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Pavol","family":"Skacik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Kotulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ema","family":"Kantorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Egon","family":"Kurca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Sivak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"4597_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Serra A, Chisari CG, Matta M. Eye movement abnormalities in multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis, modeling, and treatment. Front Neurol. 2018;9:31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00031. PMID: 29467711; PMCID: PMC5807658.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00031"},{"key":"4597_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi JY, Kim JS. Central positional nystagmus: characteristics and model-based explanations. Prog Brain Res. 2019;249:211\u2009\u2013\u200925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.pbr.2019.04.012. PMID: 31325981.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2019.04.012"},{"key":"4597_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00141","volume":"8","author":"NK Macdonald","year":"2017","unstructured":"Macdonald NK, Kaski D, Saman Y, Al-Shaikh Sulaiman A, Anwer A, Bamiou DE. Central positional nystagmus: a systematic literature review. Front Neurol. 2017;8:141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00141. PMID: 28473800; PMCID: PMC5397512.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4597_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.084624","volume":"77","author":"E Anagnostou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anagnostou E, Mandellos D, Limbitaki G, Papadimitriou A, Anastasopoulos D. Positional nystagmus and vertigo due to a solitary brachium conjunctivum plaque. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77(6):790\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2005.084624.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4597_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lemos J, Strupp M. Central positional nystagmus: an update. J Neurol. 2022;269(4):1851-60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10852-8. PMID: 34669008.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10852-8"},{"issue":"22","key":"4597_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.000000000000164","volume":"84","author":"JY Choi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choi JY, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Glasauer S, Kim JS. Central paroxysmal positional nystagmus: characteristics and possible mechanisms. Neurology. 2015;84(22):2238\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.000000000000164.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"4597_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10435-7","volume":"268","author":"SU Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee SU, Kim HJ, Lee ES, Choi JH, Choi JY, Kim JS. Central positional nystagmus in inferior cerebellar peduncle lesions: a case series. J Neurol. 2021;268(8):2851\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10435-7.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"4597_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.4.1546","volume":"86","author":"S Glasauer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Glasauer S, Dieterich M, Brandt T. Central positional nystagmus simulated by a mathematical ocular motor model of otolith-dependent modification of listing\u2019s plane. J Neurophysiol. 2001;86:1546\u201354.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"4597_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s43163-022-00373-0","volume":"39","author":"N Ouattassi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ouattassi N, Ghoul E, Bouchal SEA. Ocular motor impairment in early-stage multiple sclerosis: a video-oculography assessment. Egypt J Otolaryngol. 2023;39:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43163-022-00373-0.","journal-title":"Egypt J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4597_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.21790\/rvs.2024.022","volume":"24","author":"EJ Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee EJ. Oculomotor manifestations in inflammatory central nervous system demyelinating diseases: a narrative review. Res Vestib Sci. 2025;24(1):27\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21790\/rvs.2024.022.","journal-title":"Res Vestib Sci"},{"key":"4597_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00206","volume":"7","author":"N Lizak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lizak N, Clough M, Millist L, Kalincik T, White OB, Fielding J. Impairment of smooth pursuit as a marker of early multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol. 2016;7:206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2016.00206. PMID: 27917151; PMCID: PMC5116770.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4597_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac474","volume":"146","author":"JA Nij Bijvank","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nij Bijvank JA, Hof SN, Prouskas SE, Schoonheim MM, Uitdehaag BMJ, van Rijn LJ, Petzold A. A novel eye-movement impairment in multiple sclerosis indicating widespread cortical damage. Brain. 2023;146(6):2476\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awac474. PMID: 36535900; PMCID: PMC10232247.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"4597_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-025-01856-5","volume":"24","author":"T Klockgether","year":"2025","unstructured":"Klockgether T, Grobe-Einsler M, Faber J. Biomarkers in spinocerebellar ataxias. Cerebellum. 2025;24(4):104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-025-01856-5. PMID: 40411538; PMCID: PMC12103481.","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"4597_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-282x2005000500022","volume":"63","author":"A Tomaz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tomaz A, Borges FN, Ganan\u00e7a CF, Campos CA, Tilbery CP. Signs and symptoms associated to otoneurologic alterations diagnosed on computerized vestibular exam of patients with multiple sclerosis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2005;63:837\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0004-282x2005000500022.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4597_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2014.10.1.37","volume":"10","author":"JA Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim JA, Jeong IH, Lim YM, Kim KK. Primary position upbeat nystagmus during an acute attack of multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurol. 2014;10(1):37\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3988\/jcn.2014.10.1.37.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"4597_CR16","first-page":"359","volume":"96","author":"GE Cohen","year":"1979","unstructured":"Cohen GE. Vestibular manifestations of multiple sclerosis: a new diagnostic element revealed by bithermic tests. Ann Oto-Laryngol Chir Cervico Faciale Bull Soc Oto-Laryngol Hopitaux Paris. 1979;96:359\u201372.","journal-title":"Ann Oto-Laryngol Chir Cervico Faciale Bull Soc Oto-Laryngol Hopitaux Paris"},{"issue":"5","key":"4597_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599816629640","volume":"154","author":"C Martens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martens C, Goplen FK, Nordfalk KF, Aasen T, Nordahl SH. Prevalence and characteristics of positional nystagmus in normal subjects. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;154(5):861\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0194599816629640.","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"4597_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-08453-y","volume":"281","author":"MB Rasmussen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rasmussen MB, S\u00f8rensen R, Hougaard DD. Positional nystagmus is observed in the vast majority of healthy individuals. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2024;281(7):3499\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-024-08453-y.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"4597_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519894712","volume":"26","author":"CK Sheehy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheehy CK, Bensinger ES, Romeo A, Rani L, Stepien-Bernabe N, Shi B, et al. Fixational microsaccades: a quantitative and objective measure of disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2020;26:343\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458519894712.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"4597_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.101969","volume":"40","author":"K Polet","year":"2020","unstructured":"Polet K, Hesse S, Cohen M, Morisot A, Joly H, Kullmann B, et al. Video-oculography in multiple sclerosis: links between oculomotor disorders and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020;40:101969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2020.101969.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"4597_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12111519","volume":"12","author":"CR Grove","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grove CR, Wagner A, Yang VB, Loyd BJ, Dibble LE, Schubert MC. Greater disability is associated with worse vestibular and compensatory oculomotor functions in people living with multiple sclerosis. Brain Sci. 2022;12(11):1519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12111519.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"4597_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221108297","volume":"28","author":"SC Krieger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krieger SC, Antoine A, Sumowski JF. EDSS 0 is not normal: multiple sclerosis disease burden below the clinical threshold. Mult Scler. 2022;28(14):2299\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585221108297.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"4597_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Habek M. Evaluation of brainstem involvement in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13(3):299\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/ern.13.18. PMID: 23448219.","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.13.18"},{"issue":"10","key":"4597_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181b6bbf4","volume":"73","author":"M Matta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Matta M, Leigh RJ, Pugliatti M, Aiello I, Serra A. Using fast eye movements to study fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2009;73(10):798\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181b6bbf4. PMID: 19738175; PMCID: PMC2739609.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4597_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-022-01374-8","volume":"22","author":"M R\u00fchl","year":"2023","unstructured":"R\u00fchl M, Kimmel R, Ertl M, Conrad J, Zu Eulenburg P. In vivo localization of the human velocity storage mechanism and its core cerebellar networks by means of galvanic-vestibular afternystagmus and fMRI. Cerebellum. 2023;22(2):194\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-022-01374-8. PMID: 35212978; PMCID: PMC9985569.","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"issue":"8","key":"4597_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1985.04210090087024","volume":"42","author":"I Kato","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kato I, Nakamura T, Watanabe J, Harada K, Aoyagi M, Katagiri T. Primary position upbeat nystagmus: localizing value. Arch Neurol. 1985;42(8):819\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.1985.04210090087024.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4597_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2006.2.1.58","volume":"2","author":"JS Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim JS, Yoon B, Choi KD, Oh SY, Park SH, Kim BK. Upbeat nystagmus: clinicoanatomical correlations in 15 patients. J Clin Neurol. 2006;2(1):58\u201365. PMID: 20396486; PMCID: PMC2854944.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"4597_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00386","volume":"8","author":"SB Yakushin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yakushin SB, Raphan T, Cohen B. Coding of velocity storage in the vestibular nuclei. Front Neurol. 2017;8:386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00386. PMID: 28861030; PMCID: PMC5561016.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"4597_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi JY, Glasauer S, Kim JH, Zee DS, Kim JS. Characteristics and mechanism of apogeotropic central positional nystagmus. Brain. 2018;141(3):762\u2009\u2013\u200975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awx381. PMID: 29373699.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx381"},{"issue":"2","key":"4597_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres12020018","volume":"12","author":"S Carmona","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carmona S, Zalazar GJ, Fern\u00e1ndez M, Grinstein G, Lemos J. Atypical positional vertigo: definition, causes, and mechanisms. Audiol Res. 2022;12(2):152\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/audiolres12020018. PMID: 35314613; PMCID: PMC8938844.","journal-title":"Audiol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4597_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2023.0299","volume":"20","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Park SJ, Kim JS. Upbeat and direction-changing torsional nystagmus while straight head hanging: a new sign of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo involving bilateral posterior semicircular canals. J Clin Neurol. 2024;20(1):100\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3988\/jcn.2023.0299.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"4597_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e06154","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.6154","volume":"10","author":"M Meshref","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meshref M, Shaheen A, Elmatboly AM, et al. Central positional vertigo as first initial multiple sclerosis symptom: a case report with systematic review. Clin Case Rep. 2022;10:e06154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccr3.6154.","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"4597_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habek M, Gabeli\u0107 T, Pavli\u0161a G, Brinar VV. Central positioning upbeat nystagmus and vertigo due to pontine stroke. J Clin Neurosci. 2011;18(7):977-8. doi:10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.11.021. PMID: 21570295.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.11.021"},{"key":"4597_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi SY, Jang JY, Oh EH, Choi JH, Park JY, Lee SH, Choi KD. Persistent geotropic positional nystagmus in unilateral cerebellar lesions. Neurology. 2018;91(11):e1053-e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006167. PMID: 30097474.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006167"},{"issue":"5suppl","key":"4597_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S636","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561319897983","volume":"100","author":"GC Musat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Musat GC, Musat AAM. Multiple sclerosis presenting as an anterior semicircular Canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: case report. Ear Nose Throat J. 2021;100(5suppl):S636\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0145561319897983.","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04597-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04597-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04597-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T12:51:59Z","timestamp":1770123119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04597-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04597-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee, and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Ethics Committee of the Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovakia, approved the realization of the research project (Approval No. EK 32\/2023) on June 28, 2023. Written and informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Written and informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"68"}}