{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T13:52:59Z","timestamp":1770990779726,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese medicine science and technology project","award":["No. 2025ZL117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2025ZL117"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-026-04652-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T06:53:50Z","timestamp":1768978430000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Infection as a potential trigger in glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: a case report and review of immunotherapeutic strategies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuyan","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4652_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02678-7","volume":"147","author":"Y Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo Y, et al. New insights into neuropathology and pathogenesis of autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein meningoencephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol. 2024;147(1):31.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"4652_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02802","volume":"9","author":"F Shan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shan F, Long Y, Qiu W. Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: A review of the literature. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2802.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4652_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13531","volume":"25","author":"Y Long","year":"2018","unstructured":"Long Y, et al. Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy in Chinese patients: a retrospective study. Eur J Neurol. 2018;25(3):477\u201383.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4652_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.2549","volume":"73","author":"B Fang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fang B, et al. Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: A novel meningoencephalomyelitis. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(11):1297\u2013307.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"4652_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.04.016","volume":"321","author":"D Dubey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dubey D, et al. Autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy: prospective evaluation of 90 patients in 1 year. J Neuroimmunol. 2018;321:157\u201363.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4652_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.04.003","volume":"38","author":"Z Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang Z, Wang KK. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: from intermediate filament assembly and gliosis to neurobiomarker. Trends Neurosci. 2015;38(6):364\u201374.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"4652_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00251","volume":"9","author":"X Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang X, et al. Overlapping autoimmune syndromes in patients with glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies. Front Neurol. 2018;9:251.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"4652_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.04.004","volume":"332","author":"A Kimura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kimura A, et al. Clinical characteristics of autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy. J Neuroimmunol. 2019;332:91\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4652_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24881","volume":"81","author":"EP Flanagan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flanagan EP, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein Immunoglobulin G as biomarker of autoimmune astrocytopathy: analysis of 102 patients. Ann Neurol. 2017;81(2):298\u2013309.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4652_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03113-w","volume":"23","author":"K Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li K, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy and tuberculous meningoencephalitis occurring in a patient with Legionella pneumonia: a case report. BMC Neurol. 2023;23(1):69.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"4652_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950522","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.950522","volume":"13","author":"Q He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He Q, et al. Case report: revealing a special and rare autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy in the spinal cord succeeding neurobrucellosis infection. Front Immunol. 2022;13:950522.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4652_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-023-02268-0","volume":"123","author":"W Lan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lan W, et al. Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: clinical analysis and review of 15 cases. Acta Neurol Belg. 2023;123(4):1465\u201379.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4652_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01926-0","volume":"29","author":"C Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang C, et al. The EBV connection: a severe case of GFAP-A with central hypoventilation unresponsive to IVIG and literature review. Eur J Med Res. 2024;29(1):415.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"4652_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578174","volume":"382","author":"JR Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang JR, et al. Overlapping Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis and autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy. J Neuroimmunol. 2023;382:578174.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"4652_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105527","volume":"85","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, et al. The discrimination between autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy and tuberculous meningitis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;85:105527.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"4652_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316583","volume":"89","author":"R Iorio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iorio R, et al. Clinical and immunological characteristics of the spectrum of GFAP autoimmunity: a case series of 22 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(2):138\u201346.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4652_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.02.020","volume":"21","author":"J Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li J, et al. Autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy after viral encephalitis: A case report. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018;21:84\u20137.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"4652_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.05.010","volume":"98","author":"M Handoko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Handoko M, et al. Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy following herpes simplex virus encephalitis in a pediatric patient. Pediatr Neurol. 2019;98:85\u20136.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"4652_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.02.020","volume":"21","author":"J Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li J, et al. Autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy after viral encephalitis: A case report. Multiple Scler Relat Disorders. 2018;21:84\u20137.","journal-title":"Multiple Scler Relat Disorders"},{"issue":"48","key":"4652_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31995","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031995","volume":"101","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang L, et al. A case of EBV encephalomyelitis with positive anti-GFAP-IgG antibody with recurrent fever and dysuresia as the main symptoms: case report and retrospective analysis. Med (Baltim). 2022;101(48):e31995.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"3","key":"4652_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000676","volume":"32","author":"A Kunchok","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kunchok A, Zekeridou A, McKeon A. Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019;32(3):452\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4652_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000479948","volume":"24","author":"X Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang X, et al. Treatment of autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: Follow-Up in 7 cases. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2017;24(2):113\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"4652_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04660-0","volume":"62","author":"Y Liao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liao Y, et al. Novel perspectives focused on the relationship between herpesvirus encephalitis and Anti-GFAP-Antibody-Positive astrocytopathy. Mol Neurobiol. 2025;62(5):6179\u201394.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4652_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330626","volume":"94","author":"D Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu D, et al. Early autoimmunity and outcome in virus encephalitis: a retrospective study based on tissue-based assay. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2023;94(8):605\u201313.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4652_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagbohm C et al. Clinical and neuroimaging phenotypes of autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol, 2024: p. e16284.","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16284"},{"issue":"6","key":"4652_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e653","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013087","volume":"98","author":"A Gravier-Dumonceau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gravier-Dumonceau A, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein autoimmunity: A French cohort study. Neurology. 2022;98(6):e653\u201368.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4652_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258048","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1258048","volume":"14","author":"P Cheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng P, et al. Autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy after viral encephalitis: a case report of bimodal overlapping encephalitis. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1258048.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4652_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0004402021","volume":"2","author":"S Tandukar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tandukar S, Sterns RH, Rondon-Berrios H. Osmotic demyelination syndrome following correction of hyponatremia by \u2264\u200910 mEq\/L per day. Kidney360. 2021;2(9):1415\u201323.","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"issue":"3","key":"4652_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090503","volume":"176","author":"C Garc\u00eda Samartino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Samartino C, et al. Brucella abortus induces the secretion of Proinflammatory mediators from glial cells leading to astrocyte apoptosis. Am J Pathol. 2010;176(3):1323\u201338.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"4652_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.05.018","volume":"410","author":"AM Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez AM, et al. Immune mediators of pathology in neurobrucellosis: from blood to central nervous system. Neuroscience. 2019;410:264\u201373.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"4652_CR31","first-page":"3","volume":"36","author":"JS Navratil","year":"2006","unstructured":"Navratil JS, Liu CC, Ahearn JM. Apoptosis Autoimmun Immunol Res. 2006;36(1\u20133):3\u201312.","journal-title":"Apoptosis Autoimmun Immunol Res"},{"key":"4652_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serafini B et al. Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells Selectively Infiltrate the Brain in Multiple Sclerosis and Interact Locally with Virus-Infected Cells: Clue for a Virus-Driven Immunopathological Mechanism. J Virol, 2019. 93(24).","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00980-19"},{"issue":"2","key":"4652_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.12.004","volume":"91","author":"O Join-Lambert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Join-Lambert O, et al. Mechanisms of meningeal invasion by a bacterial extracellular pathogen, the example of neisseria meningitidis. Prog Neurobiol. 2010;91(2):130\u20139.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4652_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198708000-00037","volume":"6","author":"AL Smith","year":"1987","unstructured":"Smith AL. Pathogenesis of haemophilus influenzae meningitis. Pediatr Infect Disease J. 1987;6(8):783\u20136.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Disease J"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-026-04652-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-026-04652-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-026-04652-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:57:15Z","timestamp":1770987435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12883-026-04652-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-026-04652-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2013 revision).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"109"}}