{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:56:44Z","timestamp":1781647004670,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Migraine is a common and disabling neurological disorder with a complex and multifactorial pathophysiology. While genetic and vascular mechanisms have been extensively studied, the potential role of the ABO blood group system in migraine susceptibility and clinical characteristics remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in patients with migraine and to investigate their associations with migraine subtypes, clinical features, and white matter lesions (WMLs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective case\u2013control study included 411 migraine patients aged 18\u201350 years and 4319 control individuals from the same geographical region. Migraine diagnosis and classification were established according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. ABO and Rh blood groups were determined using the gel centrifugation method. Migraine subtypes, clinical characteristics, and the presence of WMLs on cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were recorded. Group comparisons, univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses, and a sensitivity analysis restricted to female participants were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Blood group B was significantly less frequent in migraine patients compared with controls (13.4% vs. 18.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009; significant after Bonferroni correction). In multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age and sex, blood group B remained independently associated with lower odds of migraine (adjusted OR\u2009=\u20090.660, 95% CI: 0.488\u20130.893;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007). A sensitivity analysis restricted to female participants yielded a consistent result (OR\u2009=\u20090.679, 95% CI: 0.499\u20130.924;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.014). No significant differences were observed between migraine patients and controls with respect to A, O, and AB blood groups or Rh status. ABO and Rh blood group distributions were not significantly associated with migraine subtypes, the presence of WMLs, headache duration, or monthly headache frequency.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood group B was underrepresented among migraine patients compared with the control population from the same geographical region. No associations were identified between ABO or Rh blood groups and migraine subtypes, clinical headache characteristics, or white matter lesions. These findings should be considered hypothesis-generating and require confirmation in larger, multicenter studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-026-04872-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T09:06:00Z","timestamp":1775120760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ABO blood group distribution in migraine patients; the relationship of phenotypes with migraine subtypes, clinical features, and white matter lesions: a retrospective case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ferhat","family":"Kilicaslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erman","family":"Altunisik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasemin Ekmekyapar","family":"Firat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kemal Ozan","family":"Lule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"4872_CR1","unstructured":"Pescador Ruschel MA, De Jesus O. Migraine headache. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available from: NCBI Bookshelf. Accessed 15 Oct 2025."},{"issue":"2","key":"4872_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aprim.2021.102208","volume":"54","author":"AL Aguilar-Shea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aguilar-Shea AL, D\u00edaz-de-Ter\u00e1n J. Migraine review for general practice. Aten Primaria. 2022;54(2):102170.","journal-title":"Aten Primaria"},{"issue":"2","key":"4872_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333102422112827","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024221128278","volume":"43","author":"S Schramm","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schramm S, B\u00f6rner C, Reichert M, Baum T, Zimmer C, Heinen F, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in migraine: a systematic review. Cephalalgia. 2023;43(2):3331024221128278.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"1","key":"4872_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01668-0","volume":"24","author":"X Bai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bai X, Wang W, Zhang X, Hu Z, Zhang X, Zhang Y, et al. Hyperperfusion of bilateral amygdala in patients with chronic migraine: an arterial spin-labeled magnetic resonance imaging study. J Headache Pain. 2023;24(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"14","key":"4872_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a6cb32","volume":"81","author":"A Bashir","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bashir A, Lipton RB, Ashina S, Ashina M. Migraine and structural changes in the brain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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ABO blood group system and the coronary artery disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:23250.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"4872_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12507","volume":"12","author":"NA Zakai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zakai NA, Judd SE, Alexander K, McClure LA, Kissela BM, Howard G, et al. ABO blood type and stroke risk: the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(4):564\u201370.","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"4872_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23838","volume":"73","author":"FMK Williams","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williams FMK, Carter AM, Hysi PG, Surdulescu G, Hodgkiss D, Soranzo N, et al. Ischemic stroke is associated with the ABO locus: the EuroCLOT study. Ann Neurol. 2013;73(1):16\u201331.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4872_CR11","first-page":"205521731988895","volume":"5","author":"I Lopetegi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lopetegi I, Mu\u00f1oz-Lopetegi A, Arruti M, Prada A, Urcelay S, Olascoaga J, et al. ABO blood group distributions in multiple sclerosis patients from the Basque Country: O\u2009\u2013\u2009as a protective factor. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2019;5(4):2055217319888954.","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"4872_CR12","first-page":"66","volume":"17","author":"SV Pisk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pisk SV, Vuk T, Ivezi\u0107 E, Juki\u0107 I, Bingulac-Popovi\u0107 J, Filip\u010di\u0107 I. ABO blood groups and psychiatric disorders: a Croatian study. Blood Transfus. 2019;17(1):66\u201371.","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"issue":"3","key":"4872_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2001.88.3.725","volume":"88","author":"S Singg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Singg S, Lewis JL. Depression and blood types. Psychol Rep. 2001;88(3):725\u20136.","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4872_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13164","volume":"58","author":"H Yuan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yuan H, Silberstein SD. Histamine and migraine. Headache. 2018;58(1):184\u201393.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"12","key":"4872_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x-anp-2020-0219","volume":"79","author":"RC Lotz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lotz RC, Welter C da, Ramos S, Ferreira SA, Cabral LE, de Fran\u00e7a NL. ABO blood group system and occurrence of ischemic stroke. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2021;79(12):1070\u20135.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"4872_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2012.04774.x","volume":"10","author":"F Dentali","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dentali F, Sironi AP, Ageno W, Crestani S, Franchini M. ABO blood groups and vascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10(7):1319\u201328.","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"2","key":"4872_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2021.17.2.164","volume":"17","author":"M Paolucci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paolucci M, Altamura C, Vernieri F. The role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathophysiology and cerebrovascular effects of migraine: a narrative review. J Clin Neurol. 2021;17(2):164\u201375.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-026-04872-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-026-04872-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-026-04872-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:23:50Z","timestamp":1781645030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12883-026-04872-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-026-04872-y","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8489964\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Department of Support Services, Provincial Health Directorate, Governorship of A\u011fr\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye (Approval No: E-85724094-929-246168351; date: 11 June 2024). Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the requirement for informed consent was waived.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"319"}}