{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:31:36Z","timestamp":1787020296424,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":67,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-026-05063-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T02:22:49Z","timestamp":1781230969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stroke risk factors and outcomes in Trinidad and Tobago: the START study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Naveen Anand","family":"Seecheran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Maharaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Swarath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anujh","family":"Maharajh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sesh","family":"Gowrie-Sankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Racquel","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rekha","family":"Lobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srivane","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Battersby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystelle","family":"Rohit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenelle","family":"Nanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerryn","family":"Rohit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Maharaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianne","family":"Lalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Juman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheri","family":"Thackoorcharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satesh","family":"Bissram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-marie","family":"Frederick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Ramcharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valmiki","family":"Seecheran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Seecheran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshmipathi","family":"Peram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shastri","family":"Motilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Giddings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry","family":"Sandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Ramlackhansingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Maraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avidesh","family":"Panday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"5063_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e318296aeca","volume":"44","author":"RL Sacco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sacco RL, Kasner SE, Broderick JP, Caplan LR, Connors JJB, Culebras A, et al. An updated definition of stroke for the 21st century: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44:2064\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STR.0b013e318296aeca.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Walter K. What Is Acute Ischemic Stroke? JAMA. 2022;327: 885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2022.1420.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.1420"},{"key":"5063_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0","volume":"20","author":"GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators","year":"2021","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:795\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"5063_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211065917","volume":"17","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feigin VL, Brainin M, Norrving B, Martins S, Sacco RL, Hacke W, et al. World Stroke Organization (WSO): Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2022. Int J Stroke Off J Int Stroke Soc. 2022;17:18\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17474930211065917.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke Off J Int Stroke Soc"},{"key":"5063_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7609","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207609","volume":"21","author":"D Kuriakose","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuriakose D, Xiao Z. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Stroke: Present Status and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:7609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21207609.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5063_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31179-X","volume":"396","author":"BCV Campbell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell BCV, Khatri P, Stroke. Lancet. 2020;396:129\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31179-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5063_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.09.012","volume":"1866","author":"D Barthels","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barthels D, Das H. Current advances in ischemic stroke research and therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2020;1866:165260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.09.012.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"5063_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1409-0","volume":"19","author":"G Fekadu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fekadu G, Chelkeba L, Kebede A. Risk factors, clinical presentations and predictors of stroke among adult patients admitted to stroke unit of Jimma university medical center, south west Ethiopia: prospective observational study. BMC Neurol. 2019;19:187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-019-1409-0.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"5063_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-020-00060-6","volume":"2","author":"C Grefkes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grefkes C, Fink GR. Recovery from stroke: current concepts and future perspectives. Neurol Res Pract. 2020;2:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42466-020-00060-6.","journal-title":"Neurol Res Pract"},{"key":"5063_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2020.06.002","volume":"48","author":"SJX Murphy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murphy SJX, Werring DJ. Stroke: causes and clinical features. Med Abingdon Engl UK Ed. 2020;48:561\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mpmed.2020.06.002.","journal-title":"Med Abingdon Engl UK Ed"},{"key":"5063_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mungrue K, Saroop KA, Samsundar AB, Bhagwat A, Braithwaite N, Samai LP, et al. The Epidemiology and Spatial Analysis of Stroke in Trinidad and Tobago in the First Decade of the 21st Century (2000\u20132009). Health (N Y). 2014;06: 729\u2013737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/health.2014.68094.","DOI":"10.4236\/health.2014.68094"},{"key":"5063_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1590\/s1020-49891998001000002","volume":"4","author":"D Mahabir","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mahabir D, Bickram L, Gulliford MC. Stroke in Trinidad and Tobago: burden of illness and risk factors. Rev Panam Salud Publica Pan Am J Public Health. 1998;4:233\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1020-49891998001000002.","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica Pan Am J Public Health"},{"key":"5063_CR13","unstructured":"Research C, for DE and. E6(R2.) Good Clinical Practice: Integrated Addendum to ICH E6(R1). FDA; 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/e6r2-good-clinical-practice-integrated-addendum-ich-e6r1.\u00a0 Cited 10 Jun 2024."},{"key":"5063_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310:2191\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"5063_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","volume":"370","author":"E Von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet. 2007;370:1453\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5063_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.054602","volume":"146","author":"PK Whelton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Whelton PK, Carey RM, Mancia G, Kreutz R, Bundy JD, Williams B. Harmonization of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology\/European Society of Hypertension Blood Pressure\/Hypertension Guidelines: Comparisons, Reflections, and Recommendations. Circulation. 2022;146:868\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.054602.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5063_CR17","unstructured":"2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142024 | Diabetes Care | American Diabetes Association. Available: https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/47\/Supplement_1\/S20\/153954\/2-Diagnosis-and-Classification-of-Diabetes.\u00a0 Cited 11 Jun 2024."},{"key":"5063_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139: e1082\u2013e1143. https:\/\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000625.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000624"},{"key":"5063_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001193","volume":"149","author":"JA Joglar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, Benjamin EJ, Chyou JY, Cronin EM, et al. 2023 ACC\/AHA\/ACCP\/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024;149:e1\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001193.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5063_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","volume":"105","author":"PE Stevens","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stevens PE, Ahmed SB, Carrero JJ, Foster B, Francis A, Hall RK, et al. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. 2024;105:S117\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"5063_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326308","author":"S Yaghi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yaghi S, Raz E, Yang D, Cutting S, Mac Grory B, Elkind MS, et al. Lacunar stroke: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326308. jnnp-2021-326308.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"5063_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.016745","volume":"48","author":"M Mokin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mokin M, Primiani CT, Siddiqui AH, Turk AS. ASPECTS (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score) Measurement Using Hounsfield Unit Values When Selecting Patients for Stroke Thrombectomy. Stroke. 2017;48:1574\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.016745.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR23","unstructured":"Sample Size Calculators. Available: https:\/\/hedwig.mgh.harvard.edu\/sample_size\/.\u00a0Cited 10 Jun 2024."},{"key":"5063_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.641456","volume":"43","author":"PMW Bath","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bath PMW, Lees KR, Schellinger PD, Altman H, Bland M, Hogg C, et al. Statistical analysis of the primary outcome in acute stroke trials. Stroke. 2012;43:1171\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.641456.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.024154","volume":"51","author":"GJ Hankey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hankey GJ. Population Impact of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors for Stroke. Stroke. 2020;51:719\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.024154.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3238165","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3238165","volume":"2018","author":"ES Donkor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Donkor ES. Stroke in the 21st Century: A Snapshot of the Burden, Epidemiology, and Quality of Life. Stroke Res Treat. 2018;2018:3238165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/3238165.","journal-title":"Stroke Res Treat"},{"key":"5063_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab756","volume":"43","author":"K Gasbarrino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gasbarrino K, Di Iorio D, Daskalopoulou SS. Importance of sex and gender in ischaemic stroke and carotid atherosclerotic disease. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:460\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab756.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"5063_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319915","volume":"130","author":"KM Rexrode","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rexrode KM, Madsen TE, Yu AYX, Carcel C, Lichtman JH, Miller EC. The Impact of Sex and Gender on Stroke. Circ Res. 2022;130:512\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319915.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"5063_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2715","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010982","volume":"95","author":"SAE Peters","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peters SAE, Carcel C, Millett ERC, Woodward M. Sex differences in the association between major risk factors and the risk of stroke in the UK Biobank cohort study. Neurology. 2020;95:e2715\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010982.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5063_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1804492","volume":"379","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2018","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Lifetime Risk of Stroke Collaborators, Feigin VL, Nguyen G, Cercy K, Johnson CO, Alam T, et al. Global, Regional, and Country-Specific Lifetime Risks of Stroke, 1990 and 2016. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:2429\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1804492.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5063_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Easton JD, Saver JL, Albers GW, Alberts MJ, Chaturvedi S, Feldmann E, the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association Stroke Council. Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from ; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke. 2009;40: 2276\u20132293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.192218.","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.192218"},{"key":"5063_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e580","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30069-3","volume":"8","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen Y, Wright N, Guo Y, Turnbull I, Kartsonaki C, Yang L, et al. Mortality and recurrent vascular events after first incident stroke: a 9-year community-based study of 0\u00b75 million Chinese adults. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8:e580\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30069-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"5063_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kelly DM, Ademi Z, Doehner W, Lip GYH, Mark P, Toyoda K et al. Chronic Kidney Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease: Consensus and Guidance From a KDIGO Controversies Conference. Stroke. 2021;52: e328\u2013e346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.029680.","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.029680"},{"key":"5063_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00096","volume":"7","author":"M Miglinas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miglinas M, Cesniene U, Janusaite MM, Vinikovas A. Cerebrovascular Disease and Cognition in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00096.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"5063_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000504877","volume":"145","author":"Y Arnson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arnson Y, Hoshen M, Berliner-Sendrey A, Reges O, Balicer R, Leibowitz M, et al. Risk of Stroke, Bleeding, and Death in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic Kidney Disease. Cardiology. 2020;145:178\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000504877.","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"5063_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104802","volume":"29","author":"VD Beuscher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beuscher VD, Spr\u00fcgel MI, Gerner ST, Sembill JA, Madzar D, Reindl C, et al. Chronic Kidney Disease and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Off J Natl Stroke Assoc. 2020;29:104802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104802.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Off J Natl Stroke Assoc"},{"key":"5063_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.11.012","volume":"24","author":"F Saeed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saeed F, Adil MM, Piracha BH, Qureshi AI. Acute renal failure worsens in-hospital outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Off J Natl Stroke Assoc. 2015;24:789\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.11.012.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Off J Natl Stroke Assoc"},{"key":"5063_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.1114","volume":"17","author":"\u00c1 Soto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soto \u00c1, Guill\u00e9n-Grima F, Morales G, Mu\u00f1oz S, Aguinaga-Ontoso I, Vanegas J. Trends in Mortality from Stroke in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1979\u20132015. Glob Heart. 2022;17:26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/gh.1114.","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"5063_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2022.100392","volume":"26","author":"G Neves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neves G, Cole T, Lee J, Bueso T, Shaw C, Montalvan V. Demographic and institutional predictors of stroke hospitalization mortality among adults in the United States. eNeurologicalSci. 2022;26:100392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ensci.2022.100392.","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"5063_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493016685720","volume":"12","author":"S Olindo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olindo S, Saint-Vil M, Jeannin S, Signate A, Edimonana-Kaptue M, Cabre P, et al. One-year disability, death and recurrence after first-ever stroke in a Black Afro-Caribbean population. Int J Stroke Off J Int Stroke Soc. 2017;12:844\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747493016685720.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke Off J Int Stroke Soc"},{"key":"5063_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000127371.24658.df","volume":"35","author":"DOC Corbin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Corbin DOC, Poddar V, Hennis A, Gaskin A, Rambarat C, Wilks R, et al. Incidence and case fatality rates of first-ever stroke in a black Caribbean population: the Barbados Register of Strokes. Stroke. 2004;35:1254\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000127371.24658.df.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205031212110367","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211036789","volume":"9","author":"AS Mohammed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohammed AS, Degu A, Woldekidan NA, Adem F, Edessa D. In-hospital mortality and its predictors among stroke patients in sub-Saharan Africa: A systemic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med. 2021;9:20503121211036789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20503121211036789.","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"5063_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0001278","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001278","volume":"3","author":"VS Ranasinghe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ranasinghe VS, Pathirage M, Gawarammana IB. Predictors of in-hospital mortality in stroke patients. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2023;3:e0001278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001278.","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"5063_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010038","volume":"11","author":"E Salvadori","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salvadori E, Papi G, Insalata G, Rinnoci V, Donnini I, Martini M, et al. Comparison between Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes in Functional Outcome at Discharge from an Intensive Rehabilitation Hospital. Diagn Basel Switz. 2020;11:38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11010038.","journal-title":"Diagn Basel Switz"},{"key":"5063_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.540112","volume":"40","author":"KK Andersen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Andersen KK, Olsen TS, Dehlendorff C, Kammersgaard LP. Hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes compared: stroke severity, mortality, and risk factors. Stroke. 2009;40:2068\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.540112.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.4346","volume":"79","author":"K Toyoda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Toyoda K, Yoshimura S, Nakai M, Koga M, Sasahara Y, Sonoda K, et al. Twenty-Year Change in Severity and Outcome of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes. JAMA Neurol. 2022;79:61\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.4346.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"5063_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"STROKEAHA119027","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.027198","volume":"51","author":"R Waziry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Waziry R, Heshmatollah A, Bos D, Chibnik LB, Ikram MA, Hofman A, et al. Time Trends in Survival Following First Hemorrhagic or Ischemic Stroke Between 1991 and 2015 in the Rotterdam Study. Stroke. 2020;51:STROKEAHA119027198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.027198.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106294","volume":"31","author":"DM Oosterveer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oosterveer DM, Wermer MJH, Volker G, Vlieland TPMV. Are There Differences in Long-Term Functioning and Recovery Between Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke Patients Receiving Rehabilitation? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Off. J Natl Stroke Assoc. 2022;31:106294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106294.","journal-title":"J Natl Stroke Assoc"},{"key":"5063_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891651","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/891651","volume":"2015","author":"R Perna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Perna R, Temple J. Rehabilitation Outcomes: Ischemic versus Hemorrhagic Strokes. Behav Neurol. 2015;2015:891651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/891651.","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"key":"5063_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000525648","volume":"52","author":"HTH Tram","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tram HTH, Tanaka-Mizuno S, Takashima N, Khan K, Arima H, Kadota A, et al. Control of Diabetes Mellitus and Long-Term Prognosis in Stroke Patients: The Shiga Stroke and Heart Attack Registry. Cerebrovasc Dis Basel Switz. 2023;52:81\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000525648.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis Basel Switz"},{"key":"5063_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2021.107999","volume":"35","author":"E Zamir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zamir E, Libruder C, Murad H, Hershkovitz Y, Zamir A, Tanne D, et al. Diabetes associated risk for mortality increases with time among first stroke survivors - Findings from the Israeli National Stroke Registry. J Diabetes Complications. 2021;35:107999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2021.107999.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"5063_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70219-0","volume":"3","author":"AD Shah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shah AD, Langenberg C, Rapsomaniki E, Denaxas S, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Gale CP, et al. Type 2 diabetes and incidence of cardiovascular diseases: a cohort study in 1\u00b79 million people. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:105\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70219-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"5063_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2022.02306","volume":"25","author":"O Mosenzon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mosenzon O, Cheng AY, Rabinstein AA, Sacco S. Diabetes and Stroke: What Are the Connections? J Stroke. 2023;25:26\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5853\/jos.2022.02306.","journal-title":"J Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-150","volume":"12","author":"DL Tirschwell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tirschwell DL, Ton TGN, Ly KA, Van Ngo Q, Vo TT, Pham CH, et al. A prospective cohort study of stroke characteristics, care, and mortality in a hospital stroke registry in Vietnam. BMC Neurol. 2012;12:150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2377-12-150.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"5063_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.621649","volume":"42","author":"Q Jia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jia Q, Zhao X, Wang C, Wang Y, Yan Y, Li H, et al. Diabetes and poor outcomes within 6 months after acute ischemic stroke: the China National Stroke Registry. Stroke. 2011;42:2758\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.621649.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR56","unstructured":"Trinidad and Tobago. In: International Diabetes Federation. Available: https:\/\/idf.org\/our-network\/regions-and-members\/north-america-and-caribbean\/members\/trinidad-and-tobago\/.\u00a0Cited 22 Jul 2024."},{"key":"5063_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e722","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001040","volume":"145","author":"JJ Joseph","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joseph JJ, Deedwania P, Acharya T, Aguilar D, Bhatt DL, Chyun DA, et al. Comprehensive Management of Cardiovascular Risk Factors for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022;145:e722\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001040.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5063_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4158\/CS-2019-0472","volume":"26","author":"AJ Garber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garber AJ, Handelsman Y, Grunberger G, Einhorn D, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Consensus statement by the American association of clinical endocrinologists and American college of endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm\u2009\u2013\u20092020 executive summary, et al. Endocr Pract Off J Am Coll Endocrinol Am Assoc Clin Endocrinol. 2020;26:107\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/CS-2019-0472.","journal-title":"Endocr Pract Off J Am Coll Endocrinol Am Assoc Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"5063_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S261179","volume":"12","author":"Y-H Tai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tai Y-H, Chang C-C, Yeh C-C, Sung L-C, Hu C-J, Cherng Y-G, et al. Long-Term Risk of Stroke and Poststroke Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure: Two Nationwide Studies. Clin Epidemiol. 2020;12:1235\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CLEP.S261179.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"5063_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000519937","volume":"51","author":"T Bryndziar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bryndziar T, Matyskova D, Sedova P, Belaskova S, Zvolsky M, Bednarik J, et al. Predictors of Short- and Long-Term Mortality in Ischemic Stroke: A Community-Based Study in Brno, Czech Republic. Cerebrovasc Dis Basel Switz. 2022;51:296\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000519937.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis Basel Switz"},{"key":"5063_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2017.02810","volume":"20","author":"W Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim W, Kim EJ. Heart Failure as a Risk Factor for Stroke. J Stroke. 2018;20:33\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5853\/jos.2017.02810.","journal-title":"J Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.016022","volume":"48","author":"K Adelborg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adelborg K, Sz\u00e9pligeti S, Sundb\u00f8ll J, Horv\u00e1th-Puh\u00f3 E, Henderson VW, Ording A, et al. Risk of Stroke in Patients With Heart Failure: A Population-Based 30-Year Cohort Study. Stroke. 2017;48:1161\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.016022.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr172","volume":"14","author":"K Vemmos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vemmos K, Ntaios G, Savvari P, Vemmou AM, Koroboki E, Manios E, et al. Stroke aetiology and predictors of outcome in patients with heart failure and acute stroke: a 10-year follow-up study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:211\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr172.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"5063_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.02.030","volume":"28","author":"S Shima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shima S, Shinoda M, Takahashi O, Unaki A, Kimura T, Okada Y, et al. Risk Factors for Acute Heart Failure and Impact on In-Hospital Mortality after Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Off J Natl Stroke Assoc. 2019;28:1629\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.02.030.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Off J Natl Stroke Assoc"},{"key":"5063_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011139","DOI":"10.1136\/heartasia-2018-011139","volume":"11","author":"TA Pana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pana TA, Wood AD, Perdomo-Lampignano JA, Tiamkao S, Clark AB, Kongbunkiat K, et al. Impact of heart failure on stroke mortality and recurrence. Heart Asia. 2019;11:e011139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/heartasia-2018-011139.","journal-title":"Heart Asia"},{"key":"5063_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.03.008","volume":"21","author":"J Burkot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burkot J, Kopec G, Pera J, Slowik A, Dziedzic T. Decompensated Heart Failure Is a Strong Independent Predictor of Functional Outcome After Ischemic Stroke. J Card Fail. 2015;21:642\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.03.008.","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"5063_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e895","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001063","volume":"145","author":"PA Heidenreich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, et al. 2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145:e895\u20131032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001063.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5063_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049768","volume":"142","author":"AH Katsanos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Katsanos AH, Kamel H, Healey JS, Hart RG. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Looking Forward. Circulation. 2020;142:2371\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049768.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5063_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2021.12.001","volume":"33","author":"I Escudero-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Escudero-Mart\u00ednez I, Morales-Caba L, Segura T. Atrial fibrillation and stroke: A review and new insights. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2023;33:23\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcm.2021.12.001.","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"5063_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.505776","volume":"39","author":"PB Gorelick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gorelick PB, Wong KS, Bae H-J, Pandey DK. Large artery intracranial occlusive disease: a large worldwide burden but a relatively neglected frontier. Stroke. 2008;39:2396\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.505776.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105335","volume":"365","author":"MI Chimowitz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Derdeyn CP, Turan TN, Fiorella D, Lane BF, et al. Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:993\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1105335.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5063_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.024156","volume":"51","author":"MG George","year":"2020","unstructured":"George MG. Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke in Younger Adults. Stroke. 2020;51:729\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.024156.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/2396987316629860","volume":"1","author":"J Putaala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Putaala J. Ischemic stroke in the young: Current perspectives on incidence, risk factors, and cardiovascular prognosis. Eur Stroke J. 2016;1:28\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2396987316629860.","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"5063_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649902","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.649902","volume":"13","author":"NE Furlan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Furlan NE, Luvizutto GJ, Hamamoto Filho PT, Zanati Bazan SG, Modolo GP, Ferreira NC, et al. The Impact of Age on Mortality and Disability in Patients With Ischemic Stroke Who Underwent Cerebral Reperfusion Therapy: A Brazilian Cohort Study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:649902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.649902.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"5063_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.028910","volume":"51","author":"TE Madsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Madsen TE, Khoury JC, Leppert M, Alwell K, Moomaw CJ, Sucharew H, et al. Temporal Trends in Stroke Incidence Over Time by Sex and Age in the GCNKSS. Stroke. 2020;51:1070\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.028910.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56090451","volume":"56","author":"JW Yoo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoo JW, Hong BY, Jo L, Kim J-S, Park JG, Shin BK, et al. Effects of Age on Long-Term Functional Recovery in Patients with Stroke. Med (Mex). 2020;56:451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina56090451.","journal-title":"Med (Mex)"},{"key":"5063_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000841","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000841","volume":"6","author":"NA Seecheran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seecheran NA, Maharaj A, Boodhai B, Seecheran R, Seecheran V, Persad S, et al. Prevalence of clOpidogrel \u2018resIstaNce\u2019 in a selected population of patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention at a tertiary cardiovascular centre in Trinidad: the POINT pilot study. Open Heart. 2019;6:e000841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000841.","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"5063_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s40119-023-00322-9","volume":"12","author":"D Harnanan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harnanan D, Parbhu S, Pran L, Baboolal I, Harnarayan P, Naraynsingh V, et al. Endovascular Revascularization and Outcomes of Critical Limb-Threatening Ischemia in Trinidad and Tobago: The EVENT Pilot Study\u2014Challenges in a Limited-Resource, Caribbean Setting. Cardiol Ther. 2023;12:511\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40119-023-00322-9.","journal-title":"Cardiol Ther"},{"key":"5063_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvn039","volume":"78","author":"G Spinetti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spinetti G, Kraenkel N, Emanueli C, Madeddu P. Diabetes and vessel wall remodelling: from mechanistic insights to regenerative therapies. Cardiovasc Res. 2008;78:265\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvn039.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"5063_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e558","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000382","volume":"52","author":"WN Kernan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kernan WN, Viera AJ, Billinger SA, Bravata DM, Stark SL, Kasner SE, et al. Primary Care of Adult Patients After Stroke: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2021;52:e558\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STR.0000000000000382.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20171305","volume":"4","author":"N Seecheran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seecheran N, Baldeo S, Balbosa K, Baksh S, Bethelmy S, Balkaran S, et al. Epidemiologic insight into Trinidad\u2019s awareness and prevention of heart disease. The EPITAPH study - a trinidadian cardiovascular health literacy survey. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2017;4:903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20171305.","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"key":"5063_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20174218","volume":"4","author":"N Seecheran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seecheran N, Nandlal N, Nankissoon S, Nancoo C, Nelson C, Nkemakolam A, et al. A trinidadian cardiovascular medication adherence survey: the ADHERE TNT study. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2017;4:3601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20174218.","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"key":"5063_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02909-1","volume":"20","author":"N Seecheran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seecheran N, Jagdeo C-L, Seecheran R, Seecheran V, Persad S, Peram L, et al. Screening for depressive symptoms in cardiovascular patients at a tertiary centre in Trinidad and Tobago: investigation of correlates in the SAD CAT study. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20:498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-020-02909-1.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"5063_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s40119-024-00348-7","volume":"13","author":"D Jones","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jones D, Persad-Ramdeensingh S, Abrahim SC, Seecheran N, Haraksingh RR. Prevalence of CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 Allelic Variants and Clopidogrel Use in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease in Trinidad & Tobago. Cardiol Ther. 2024;13:191\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40119-024-00348-7.","journal-title":"Cardiol Ther"},{"key":"5063_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001922","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2021-001922","volume":"9","author":"T Welch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Welch T, Rampersad F, Motilal S, Seecheran NA. Comparison of cardiac CT angiography coronary artery dimensions and ethnicity in Trinidad: the CADET pilot study. Open Heart. 2022;9:e001922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/openhrt-2021-001922.","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"5063_CR86","unstructured":"Trinidad and Tobago. Development news, research, data | World Bank. Available: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/trinidadandtobago.\u00a0Cited 10 Jun 2024."},{"key":"5063_CR87","unstructured":"Country Summary. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency; Available: https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/trinidad-and-tobago\/summaries."},{"key":"5063_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.04.001","volume":"27","author":"CR Gomez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gomez CR. Time Is Brain: The Stroke Theory of Relativity. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Off J Natl Stroke Assoc. 2018;27:2214\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.04.001.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Off J Natl Stroke Assoc"},{"key":"5063_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000196957.55928.ab","volume":"37","author":"JL Saver","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saver JL. Time is brain\u2013quantified. Stroke. 2006;37:263\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000196957.55928.ab.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.5797\/jnet.ra.2023-0047","volume":"17","author":"A Sahoo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sahoo A, Abdalkader M, Yamagami H, Huo X, Sun D, Jia B, et al. Endovascular Therapy for Acute Stroke: New Evidence and Indications. JNET J Neuroendovascular Ther. 2023;17:232\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5797\/jnet.ra.2023-0047.","journal-title":"JNET J Neuroendovascular Ther"},{"key":"5063_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02032-9","volume":"402","author":"M Bendszus","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bendszus M, Fiehler J, Subtil F, Bonekamp S, Aamodt AH, Fuentes B, et al. Endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke with established large infarct: multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Lond Engl. 2023;402:1753\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02032-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"5063_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118191","volume":"386","author":"S Yoshimura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoshimura S, Sakai N, Yamagami H, Uchida K, Beppu M, Toyoda K, et al. Endovascular Therapy for Acute Stroke with a Large Ischemic Region. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:1303\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2118191.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5063_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2213379","volume":"388","author":"X Huo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huo X, Ma G, Tong X, Zhang X, Pan Y, Nguyen TN, et al. Trial of Endovascular Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke with Large Infarct. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:1272\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2213379.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5063_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e029800","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.029800","volume":"12","author":"M Nu\u00f1ez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1ez M, Delfino C, Asenjo-Lobos C, Schilling A, Lavados P, Anderson CS, et al. Disparities in Stroke Incidence Over Time by Sex and Age in Latin America and the Caribbean Region 1997 to 2021: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12:e029800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.123.029800.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"5063_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000402","volume":"53","author":"A Nouh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nouh A, Amin-Hanjani S, Furie KL, Kernan WN, Olson DM, Testai FD, et al. Identifying Best Practices to Improve Evaluation and Management of In-Hospital Stroke: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2022;53:e165\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STR.0000000000000402.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015434","volume":"48","author":"P Lyden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lyden P. Using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Stroke. 2017;48:513\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015434.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000211","volume":"50","author":"WJ Powers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, et al. Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: 2019 Update to the 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019;50:e344\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STR.0000000000000211.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5063_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.027708","volume":"50","author":"JJ Warner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Warner JJ, Harrington RA, Sacco RL, Elkind MSV. Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: 2019 Update to the 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke. 2019;50:3331\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.027708.","journal-title":"Stroke"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-026-05063-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-026-05063-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-026-05063-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:07:01Z","timestamp":1787018821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12883-026-05063-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-026-05063-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4068297\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Full ethical approval was granted by the campus research ethics committee (CREC) of the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine (UWI STA) [CREC-SA. 1394\/02\/2022]. All participants provided verbal consent to participate in the study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"523"}}