{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:37:08Z","timestamp":1792787828104,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":90,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05xg72x27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pain is common among people living with dementia (PLWD) in the community and is associated with substantial negative consequences for both individuals and caregivers; however, knowledge regarding its prevalence and assessment in a community living population with dementia remains limited. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the prevalence of pain and the pain assessment inventories used among PLWD at home.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251136436) and was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. The searched databases include PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, APA PsycInfo, AgeLine, the Cochrane Library, and Idunn, covering articles published from January 2000 to February 2026. Quantitative observational studies that reported pain through self-report questionnaires, staff- and\/or caregiver- assessments were included to define the prevalence of pain in samples or subsamples of PLWD at home. The database search identified 1,296 records, of which 25 articles from 22 studies were included in the final review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sample sizes ranged from 36 to 1,379 PLWD at home. Pain was reported as any pain occurring within a defined timeframe, pain present on the day of assessment, pain meeting predefined severity criteria, or pain interfering with daily activities. The prevalence of pain among PLWD at home was consistently high, with higher prevalence estimates reported in studies assessing any pain compared with those applying severity or consequence-based criteria. The prevalence of any pain during the past month was found to vary between 36 and 76%. Considerable methodological heterogeneity was observed in terms of pain definitions, assessment methods, and inclusion criteria, which makes comparisons across studies difficult.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall high prevalence of pain identified in this review underscores the need for systematic and standardized pain assessment for PLWD at home.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-026-05071-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T08:47:05Z","timestamp":1782377225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systematic review of prevalence of pain among people with dementia living in the community"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Anne-S.","family":"Helvik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00fc\u015fra Nur","family":"Tem\u00fcr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sverre","family":"Bergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjerstin","family":"Tevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"5071_CR1","unstructured":"Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(2):e105-25."},{"issue":"28","key":"5071_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.160","volume":"3","author":"D Gu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gu D, Andreev K, Dupre ME. Major Trends in Population Growth Around the World. China CDC Wkly. 2021;3(28):604\u201313.","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"issue":"10452","key":"5071_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","volume":"404","author":"G Livingston","year":"2024","unstructured":"Livingston G, Huntley J, Liu KY, Costafreda SG, Selb\u00e6k G, Alladi S, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission. Lancet. 2024;404(10452):572\u2013628.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5071_CR4","unstructured":"Lepore M, Ferrell A, Wiener J. Living Arrangements of People with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementias: Implications for Services and Supports. https:\/\/aspe.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/private\/pdf\/257966\/LivingArran.pdf: aspe.hhs.gov\/ system\/files\/pdf\/257966\/LivingArran.pdf; 2017. Last accessed: 01.12.2025."},{"issue":"12","key":"5071_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03871.x","volume":"48","author":"H Krulewitch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Krulewitch H, London MR, Skakel VJ, Lundstedt GJ, Thomason H, Brummel-Smith K. Assessment of pain in cognitively impaired older adults: a comparison of pain assessment tools and their use by nonprofessional caregivers. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(12):1607\u201311.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"5071_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afh165","volume":"33","author":"P M\u00e4ntyselka","year":"2004","unstructured":"M\u00e4ntyselka P, Hartikainen S, Louhivuori-Laako K, Sulkava R. Effects of dementia on perceived daily pain in home-dwelling elderly people: a population-based study. Age Ageing. 2004;33(5):496\u20139.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"5","key":"5071_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2020.11.004","volume":"61","author":"N Bentur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bentur N, Cohen-Mansfield J, Radomyslsky Z. Is pain assessment of community-dwelling persons with advanced dementia by family and paid care workers feasible? J Pain Symptom Manage. 2021;61(5):1028\u201334.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"2","key":"5071_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.62641\/aep.v52i2.1530","volume":"52","author":"W Duan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duan W, Huang J, Huang Q, Dong B. Relationship between Pain and Dementia: The Mediating Effect of Depression among Chinese Elderly. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2024;52(2):114\u201321.","journal-title":"Actas Esp Psiquiatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"5071_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16908","volume":"69","author":"E Hayes-Larson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayes-Larson E, Mobley TM, Gilmore-Bykovskyi A, Shaw C, Karlamangla A, Manly JJ, et al. Racial\/ethnic differences in health-related quality of life in persons with and without dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;69(3):629\u201336.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"5071_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2165\/11587040-000000000-00000","volume":"28","author":"Y Hausum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hausum Y, Fastbom J, Fratiglioni L, K\u00e5reholt I, Johnell K. Pain Treatment in Elderly Persons With and Without Dementia. Drugs Aging. 2011;28(4):283\u201393.","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"5071_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.103999","volume":"87","author":"CL Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li CL, Chang HY, Stanaway FF. Combined effects of frailty status and cognitive impairment on health-related quality of life among community dwelling older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatrics. 2020;87:103999.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatrics."},{"issue":"5","key":"5071_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2558","volume":"26","author":"M Prince","year":"2011","unstructured":"Prince M, Acosta D, Ferri CP, Guerra M, Huang Y, Jacob K, et al. The association between common physical impairment and dementia in low and middle income countries, and among people with dementia, their association with cognitive function and disability. A 10\/66 Dementia Research Group population-based study. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry. 2011;26(5):511\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatric Psychiatry."},{"issue":"6","key":"5071_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.12.016","volume":"16","author":"SA Hendriks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hendriks SA, Smalbrugge M, Galindo-Garre F, Hertogh CM, van der Steen JT. From admission to death: prevalence and course of pain, agitation, and shortness of breath, and treatment of these symptoms in nursing home residents with dementia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(6):475\u201381.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"5071_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.10.008","volume":"148","author":"WP Achterberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Achterberg WP, Gambassi G, Finne-Soveri H, Liperoti R, Noro A, Frijters DH, et al. Pain in European long-term care facilities: cross-national study in Finland, Italy and The Netherlands. Pain. 2010;148(1):70\u20134.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"5071_CR15","first-page":"329","volume":"160","author":"PL Fox","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fox PL, Raina P, Jadad AR. Prevalence and treatment of pain in older adults in nursing homes and other long-term care institutions: a systematic review. CMAJ. 1999;160(3):329\u201333.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"5071_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2008.03.001","volume":"9","author":"BS Husebo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Husebo BS, Strand LI, Moe-Nilssen R, Borgehusebo S, Aarsland D, Ljunggren AE. Who suffers most? Dementia and pain in nursing home patients: a cross-sectional study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008;9(6):427\u201333.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"5071_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150808","volume":"50","author":"A Malara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malara A, De Biase GA, Bettarini F, Ceravolo F, Di Cello S, Garo M, et al. Pain Assessment in Elderly with Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;50(4):1217\u201325.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"5071_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2010.08.006","volume":"11","author":"Y Takai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Takai Y, Yamamoto-Mitani N, Okamoto Y, Koyama K, Honda A. Literature review of pain prevalence among older residents of nursing homes. Pain Manag Nurs. 2010;11(4):209\u201323.","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"5071_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-014-0668-z","volume":"48","author":"A Koppitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koppitz A, Bosshard G, Schuster DH, Hediger H, Imhof L. Type and course of symptoms demonstrated in the terminal and dying phases by people with dementia in nursing homes. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;48(2):176\u201383.","journal-title":"Z Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"5071_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"30","author":"M Sengupta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sengupta M, Bercovitz A, Harris-Kojetin LD. Prevalence and management of pain, by race and dementia among nursing home residents: United States, 2004. NCHS Data Brief. 2010;30:1\u20138.","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"issue":"1","key":"5071_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04340-z","volume":"23","author":"AS Helvik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Helvik AS, Bergh S, Tevik K. A systematic review of prevalence of pain in nursing home residents with dementia. BMC Geriatr. 2023;23(1):641.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"5071_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263235242413085","DOI":"10.1177\/26323524241308589","volume":"19","author":"CK Overen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Overen CK, Larsson M, Hummelvoll Hillestad A, Karlsson I, Eriksen S. The process of pain assessment in people with dementia living in nursing homes: a scoping review. Palliat Care Soc Pract. 2025;19:26323524241308588.","journal-title":"Palliat Care Soc Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"5071_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5078","volume":"34","author":"L Bullock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bullock L, Bedson J, Jordan JL, Bartlam B, Chew-Graham CA, Campbell P. Pain assessment and pain treatment for community-dwelling people with dementia: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;34(6):807\u201321.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5071_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A10","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-16-S1-A10","volume":"16","author":"M de Tommaso","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Tommaso M, Ricci K, Vecchio E, Marinazzo D, Trotta G, Stramaglia S. Migraine and functional connectivity: an innovative pathophysiological perspective. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(Suppl 1):A10.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"5071_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2015.1065941","volume":"29","author":"E Flo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Flo E, Huseb\u00f8 B. Treating Pain in Dementia-Are We Good Enough? J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2015;29(3):303\u20134.","journal-title":"J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother"},{"issue":"5","key":"5071_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205013666160602233535","volume":"14","author":"F Lobbezoo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lobbezoo F, Delwel S, Weijenberg RAF, Scherder EJA. Orofacial Pain and Mastication in Dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2017;14(5):506\u201311.","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"5071_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0048-6","volume":"15","author":"AH van Dalen-Kok","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Dalen-Kok AH, Pieper MJ, de Waal MW, Lukas A, Husebo BS, Achterberg WP. Association between pain, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and physical function in dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:49.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"5071_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S172875","volume":"11","author":"PC Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin PC, Li CH, Chou PL, Chen YM, Lin LC. Prevalence of pain-related diagnoses in patients with dementia: a nationwide study. J Pain Res. 2018;11:1589\u201398.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"5071_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00556-8","volume":"2","author":"EJ Scherder","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scherder EJ, Sergeant JA, Swaab DF. Pain processing in dementia and its relation to neuropathology. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2(11):677\u201386.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5071_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.53","volume":"8","author":"A Corbett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Corbett A, Husebo B, Malcangio M, Staniland A, Cohen-Mansfield J, Aarsland D, et al. Assessment and treatment of pain in people with dementia. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012;8(5):264\u201374.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"5071_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S239321","volume":"14","author":"WP Achterberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Achterberg WP, Erdal A, Husebo BS, Kunz M, Lautenbacher S. Are Chronic Pain Patients with Dementia Being Undermedicated? J Pain Res. 2021;14:431\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"5071_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914473","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2022.914473","volume":"3","author":"AR Anderson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anderson AR, Monroe TB, Dietrich MS, Bruehl SP, Iversen WL, Cowan RL, et al. Increased pain unpleasantness and pain-related fMRI activation in the periaqueductal gray in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2022;3:914473.","journal-title":"Front Pain Res (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"5071_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2014.855720","volume":"18","author":"K Chopra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chopra K, Arora V. An intricate relationship between pain and depression: clinical correlates, coactivation factors and therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2014;18(2):159\u201376.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"issue":"5","key":"5071_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205013666160602234932","volume":"14","author":"E Flo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flo E, Bjorvatn B, Corbett A, Pallesen S, Husebo BS. Joint Occurrence of Pain and Sleep Disturbances in People with Dementia. A Systematic Review. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2017;14(5):538\u201345.","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"5071_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13536","volume":"63","author":"LJ Hunt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hunt LJ, Covinsky KE, Yaffe K, Stephens CE, Miao Y, Boscardin WJ, et al. Pain in Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Dementia: Results from the National Health and Aging Trends Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(8):1503\u201311.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"5071_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2014.08.005","volume":"35","author":"N Hodgson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hodgson N, Gitlin LN, Jin H. The influence of sleep disruption and pain perception on indicators of quality of life in individuals living with dementia at home. Geriatr Nurs. 2014;35(5):394\u20138.","journal-title":"Geriatr Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"5071_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2021.01.007","volume":"42","author":"NG Regier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Regier NG, Taylor JL, Szanton SL, Parmelee PA, Perrin N, Liu M, et al. Pain in persons with dementia and the direct and indirect impacts on caregiver burden. Geriatr Nurs. 2021;42(2):366\u201371.","journal-title":"Geriatr Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"5071_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-05719-w","volume":"25","author":"T Shi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shi T, Xu Y, Li Q, Zhu L, Jia H, Qian K, et al. Association between pain and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in older adults with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2025;25(1):100.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"5071_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s16024-025-00436-1","volume":"16","author":"S Siegrist-Dreier","year":"2025","unstructured":"Siegrist-Dreier S, Bernet NS. Pain prevalence and risk factors based on self-reported data from nursing home residents: a multicentre cross-sectional study. HBScience. 2025;16:130\u201342.","journal-title":"HBScience"},{"issue":"3","key":"5071_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12204","volume":"24","author":"HE Barry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barry HE, Parsons C, Passmore AP, Hughes CM. Exploring the prevalence of and factors associated with pain: a cross-sectional study of community-dwelling people with dementia. Health Soc Care Community. 2016;24(3):270\u201382.","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"issue":"4","key":"5071_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2017.07.003","volume":"63","author":"BS Husebo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Husebo BS. Mobilization-Observation-Behaviour-Intensity-Dementia-2 Pain Scale (MOBID-2). J Physiother. 2017;63(4):261.","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"issue":"1","key":"5071_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAM.0000043422.31640.F7","volume":"4","author":"V Warden","year":"2003","unstructured":"Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003;4(1):9\u201315.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"5071_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1477","volume":"24","author":"M Kunz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kunz M, de Waal MWM, Achterberg WP, Gimenez-Llort L, Lobbezoo F, Sampson EL, et al. The Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition scale (PAIC15): A multidisciplinary and international approach to develop and test a meta-tool for pain assessment in impaired cognition, especially dementia. Eur J Pain. 2020;24(1):192\u2013208.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"12","key":"5071_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2023.06.015","volume":"31","author":"N Kerckhove","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kerckhove N, Bornier N, Mulliez A, Elyn A, Teixeira S, Authier N, et al. Prevalence of Chronic Pain Among People with Dementia: A Nationwide Study Using French Administrative Data. Am J Geriatric Psychiatry. 2023;31(12):1149\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"5071_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190787","volume":"73","author":"C Jensen-Dahm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jensen-Dahm C, Christensen AN, Gasse C, Waldemar G. The Use of Opioids and Antipsychotics in Elderly with Dementia - Have Opioids Replaced Antipsychotics in Treating Behavioral Symptoms in Dementia? J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;73(1):259\u201367.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5071_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2022.01.012","volume":"63","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J, Cheng Z, Kim Y, Yu F, Heffner KL, Qui\u00f1ones-Cordero MM, et al. Pain and the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementia Spectrum in Community-Dwelling Older Americans: A Nationally Representative Study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2022;63(5):654\u201364.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"12","key":"5071_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00986.x","volume":"54","author":"JW Shega","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shega JW, Hougham GW, Stocking CB, Cox-Hayley D, Sachs GA. Management of noncancer pain in community-dwelling persons with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(12):1892\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"5071_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e803","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000803","volume":"5","author":"W Achterberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Achterberg W, Lautenbacher S, Husebo B, Erdal A, Herr K. Pain in dementia. Pain Rep. 2020;5(1):e803.","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"5071_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2021.0402","volume":"25","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Gao S, Mosesso KM, Hickman SE, Holtz LR, Torke AM, et al. Prevalence and Predictors of Symptoms in Persons with Advanced Dementia Living in the Community. J Palliat Med. 2022;25(9):1376\u201385.","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"5071_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16054","volume":"67","author":"KL Harrison","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harrison KL, Ritchie CS, Patel K, Hunt LJ, Covinsky KE, Yaffe K, et al. Care settings and clinical characteristics of older adults with moderately severe dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(9):1907\u201312.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"5071_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463720976155","volume":"16","author":"P Schofield","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schofield P, Dunham M, Martin D, Bellamy G, Francis S, Sookhoo D, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on the management of pain in older people - a summary report. Br J Pain. 2022;16(1):6\u201313.","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"5071_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"5071_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054","volume":"13","author":"Z Munn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, Riitano D, Tufanaru C. Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015;13(3):147\u201353.","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"issue":"11","key":"5071_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513497567","volume":"42","author":"JD Harris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harris JD, Quatman CE, Manring MM, Siston RA, Flanigan DC. How to write a systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(11):2761\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6955","key":"5071_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6955.648","volume":"309","author":"AD Oxman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Oxman AD. Checklists for review articles. BMJ. 1994;309(6955):648\u201351.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"5071_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.04.012","volume":"28","author":"JW Shega","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shega JW, Hougham GW, Stocking CB, Cox-Hayley D, Sachs GA. Pain in community-dwelling persons with dementia: frequency, intensity, and congruence between patient and caregiver report. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2004;28(6):585\u201392.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"5071_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2005.8.567","volume":"8","author":"JW Shega","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shega JW, Hougham GW, Stocking CB, Cox-Hayley D, Sachs GA. Factors associated with self- and caregiver report of pain among community-dwelling persons with dementia. J Palliat Med. 2005;8(3):567\u201375.","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5071_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2012.11.005","volume":"22","author":"LN Gitlin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gitlin LN, Hodgson N, Piersol CV, Hess E, Hauck WW. Correlates of quality of life for individuals with dementia living at home: The role of home environment, caregiver, and patient-related characteristics. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(6):587\u201397.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"5071_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tabares-Villamizar MA, Gallo-Henao P, Londo\u00f1o L, M\u00e1rquez-Lugo I, Casta\u00f1o K, Pab\u00f3n M, et al. Palliative Care Needs in Patients With Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Report. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2025:10499091251393485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10499091251393485.","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091251393485"},{"issue":"7","key":"5071_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2017.03.003","volume":"25","author":"S Bhattacharjee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee S, Oh YM, Reiman EM, Burke WJ. Prevalence, Patterns, and Predictors of Depression Treatment among Community-Dwelling Elderly Individuals with Dementia in the United States. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017;25(7):803\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"5071_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04036.x","volume":"60","author":"C Jensen-Dahm","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jensen-Dahm C, Vogel A, Waldorff FB, Waldemar G. Discrepancy Between Self- and Proxy-Rated Pain in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Results from the Danish Alzheimer Intervention Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(7):1274\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"5071_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2016.05.010","volume":"66","author":"MA Lopes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lopes MA, Xavier AJ, D\u2019Orsi E. Cognitive and functional impairment in an older community population from Brazil: The intriguing association with frequent pain. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;66:134\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"5071_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2014.10.014","volume":"49","author":"V Orgeta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Orgeta V, Orrell M, Edwards RT, Hounsome B, Woods B. Self- and carer-rated pain in people with dementia: influences of pain in carers. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2015;49(6):1042\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"5071_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4705","volume":"33","author":"NG Regier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Regier NG, Gitlin LN. Dementia-related restlessness: relationship to characteristics of persons with dementia and family caregivers. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(1):185\u201392.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"5071_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1318258","volume":"22","author":"J Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang J, Dietrich MS, Simmons SF, Cowan RL, Monroe TB. Pain interference and depressive symptoms in communicative people with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a pilot study. Aging Ment Health. 2018;22(6):808\u201312.","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"5071_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70103-6","volume":"13","author":"T Hadjistavropoulos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hadjistavropoulos T, Herr K, Prkachin KM, Craig KD, Gibson SJ, Lukas A, et al. Pain assessment in elderly adults with dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(12):1216\u201327.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5071_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.02071.x","volume":"57","author":"AL Horgas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Horgas AL, Elliott AF, Marsiske M. Pain assessment in persons with dementia: relationship between self-report and behavioral observation. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(1):126\u201332.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"5071_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7748\/nop.2025.e1518","volume":"37","author":"SJ Bonser","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bonser SJ. Challenges of assessing pain in people with dementia: a systematised literature review. Nurs Older People. 2025;37(6):28\u201333.","journal-title":"Nurs Older People"},{"issue":"6","key":"5071_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2024.09.010","volume":"25","author":"K Herr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Herr K, Anderson AR, Arbour C, Coyne PJ, Ely E, G\u00e9linas C, et al. Pain Assessment in the Patient Unable to Self- Report: Clinical Practice Recommendations in Support of the ASPMN 2024 Position Statement. Pain Manag Nurs. 2024;25(6):551\u201368.","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"5071_CR70","first-page":"1","volume":"27","author":"D Stone","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stone D, Rosopa P. The Advantages and Limitations of Using Meta-analysis in Human Resource Management Research. Hum Resour Manag Rev. 2017;27(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Manag Rev"}],"container-title":["BMC Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12883-026-05071-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-026-05071-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12883-026-05071-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:05:25Z","timestamp":1790172325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12883-026-05071-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-026-05071-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The need to obtain ethical approval and consent to participate was not relevant.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not relevant.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"605"}}