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Anstalt \u00f6ffentlichen Rechts"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a pivotal role in autoimmune inflammation through its effects on B-cell differentiation, Th17 expansion, and regulatory T-cell suppression. Given ocrelizumab\u2019s (OCR) mechanism of selective CD20\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B-cell depletion, baseline IL-6 levels have been hypothesized to predict disease activity and long-term outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the prognostic value of serum IL-6 in OCR-treated patients remains unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether baseline and longitudinal serum IL-6 levels can predict clinical and radiological outcomes in OCR-treated MS patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This exploratory, single-center retrospective cohort study included 73 patients with Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200930) or primary progressive MS (PPMS,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200943) who initiated OCR at University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf between 2018 and 2025. Baseline serum IL-6 was compared with 86 healthy controls (HC) and correlated with clinical, radiological, and biomarker outcomes over 24 months. Clinical endpoints included confirmed progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA), and relapse-associated worsening (RAW), alongside MRI activity and Serum Neurofilament Light Chain (sNfL) and Serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (sGFAP) levels. Between-group comparisons used Welch\u2019s t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test, paired longitudinal comparisons used paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and associations between baseline biomarkers and outcomes were evaluated using Cox regression, multivariable linear or logistic regression, and rank-based linear models for IL-6.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Baseline serum IL-6 levels showed no significant differences between the overall MS cohort and HC (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.178), nor between RRMS and PPMS subgroups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024; adjusted post-hoc\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). No baseline biomarker, including IL-6 (HR 1.83; 95% CI 0.73\u20134.61;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.989), sNfL, and sGFAP predicted disease activity. Longitudinal analysis under OCR revealed largely stable IL-6 concentrations but patients maintaining No Evidence of Disease Activity-3 (NEDA-3) showed 50% reduction in IL-6 at 12 months (mean change\u2009\u2212\u20091.30 pg\/mL,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0318), whereas those with loss of NEDA-3 remained stable (mean change 0.09 pg\/mL).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline serum IL-6 alone is insufficient to predict clinical or radiological outcomes in OCR-treated MS patients. However, the significant longitudinal decline specifically in stable patients suggests that IL-6 dynamics, rather than static baseline measures, may better reflect sustained therapeutic response. These findings underscore the limited utility of serum IL-6 alone as a biomarker and support further exploration of longitudinal, multiparametric approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-026-05252-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:34:39Z","timestamp":1787301279000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the role of serum IL-6 in predicting outcomes of b-cell depleting therapy in multiple sclerosis: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Tristan","family":"K\u00f6lsche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona","family":"Hagler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Huntemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Masanneck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bela Jesaja","family":"Kutsojannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Boeckers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Kirschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Schulze-Bosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orhan","family":"Aktas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven G.","family":"Meuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Ruck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Pawlitzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"5252_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535794","DOI":"10.3389\/FNCEL.2020.00120\/BIBTEX","volume":"14","author":"M Stampanoni Bassi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stampanoni Bassi M, Iezzi E, Drulovic J, Pekmezovic T, Gilio L, Furlan R, et al. 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