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Before conducting the study, we sought and obtained the permission at the\u00a0region, district, ward, and village levels in Geita District. Written informed consent was obtained from all pregnant women during the household surveys. For participants who were less than 18\u00a0years of age, written informed assent and consent from the guardians or parents were obtained for participation in this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"MM declares that he is an associate editor of the BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth in Low and Middle-Income Countries\u2019 series. All other co-authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"394"}}