{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:17:01Z","timestamp":1774617421243,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]],"date-time":"2019-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004386","name":"University of Malaya","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BK078-2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK078-2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Prolonged latent phase of labor is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Preliminary data indicate that labor induction for prolonged latent phase may reduce cesarean delivery. We performed a study powered to Cesarean delivery to evaluate labor induction compared to expectant management in full term nulliparas hospitalized for persistent contractions but non-progressive to established labor after an overnight stay.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>From 2015 and 2017<jats:bold>,<\/jats:bold> nulliparas, \u2265 39\u2009weeks\u2019 gestation with prolonged latent phase of labor (persistent contractions after overnight hospitalization &gt;\u20098\u2009h), cervical dilation \u22643\u2009cm, intact membranes and reassuring cardiotocogram were recruited. Participants were randomized to immediate induction of labor (with vaginal dinoprostone or amniotomy or oxytocin as appropriate) or expectant management (await labor for at least 24\u2009h unless indicated intervention as directed by care provider). Primary outcome measure was Cesarean delivery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Three hundred eighteen women were randomized (159 to each arm). Data from 308 participants were analyzed. Cesarean delivery rate was 24.2% (36\/149) vs. 23.3%, (37\/159) RR 1.0 95% CI 0.7\u20131.6; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.96 in induction of labor vs. expectant arms. Interval from intervention to delivery was 17.1\u2009\u00b1\u20099.9 vs. 40.1\u2009\u00b1\u200919.8\u2009h; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, intervention to active labor 9.6\u2009\u00b1\u200910.2 vs. 29.6\u2009\u00b1\u200918.5\u2009h; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, active labor to delivery 7.6\u2009\u00b1\u20093.6 vs. 10.5\u2009\u00b1\u20097.2\u2009h; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, intervention to hospital discharge 2.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2 vs. 2.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4\u2009days; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and dinoprostone use was 19.5% (29\/149) vs. 8.2% (13\/159) RR 2.4 95% CI 1.3\u20134.4; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01 in IOL compared with expectant arms respectively. Intrapartum oxytocin use, epidural analgesia and uterine hyperstimulation syndrome, postpartum hemorrhage, patient satisfaction on allocated intervention, during labor and delivery and baby outcome were not significantly different across trial arms.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Induction of labor did not reduce Cesarean delivery rates but intervention to delivery and to hospital discharge durations are shorter. Patient satisfaction scores were similar. Induction of labor for prolonged latent phase of labor can be performed without apparent detriment to expedite delivery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Registered in Malaysia National Medical Research Register (NMRR-15-16-23,886) on 6 January 2015 and the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number registry, registration number <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.isrctn.com\/ISRCTN14099170\">ISRCTN14099170<\/jats:ext-link> on 5 Nov 2015.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2602-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]],"date-time":"2019-12-11T16:04:04Z","timestamp":1576080244000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Induction of labor compared to expectant management in term nulliparas with a latent phase of labor of more than 8\u2009hours: a randomized trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Patrick Naveen","family":"Sargunam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindy Li Mei","family":"Bak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8713-6581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng Chiong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narayanan","family":"Vallikkannu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mat Adenan","family":"Noor Azmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syeda Nureena","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandar Tin","family":"Win","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siti Zawiah","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2602_CR1","first-page":"842","volume":"48","author":"EA Friedman","year":"1972","unstructured":"Friedman EA. An objective approach to the diagnosis and management of abnormal labor. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1972;48(6):842\u201358.","journal-title":"Bull N Y Acad Med"},{"key":"2602_CR2","series-title":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence clinical guideline","volume-title":"Intrapartum care for healthy women and babies","author":"NICE","year":"2014","unstructured":"NICE: Intrapartum care for healthy women and babies. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence clinical guideline 2014; niceorguk\/guidance\/cg190."},{"issue":"3","key":"2602_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.00817.x","volume":"113","author":"MM Gross","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gross MM, Hecker H, Matterne A, Guenter HH, Keirse MJ. Does the way that women experience the onset of labour influence the duration of labour? BJOG. 2006;113(3):289\u201394.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"4","key":"2602_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12428","volume":"46","author":"Ellen L. Tilden","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tilden EL, Phillippi JC, Ahlberg M, King TL, Dissanayake M, Lee CS, Snowden JM, Caughey AB. Describing latent phase duration and associated characteristics among 1281 low-risk women in spontaneous labor. Birth. 2019;46(4):592\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/birt.12428.","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12704","volume":"63","author":"K Angeby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Angeby K, Wilde-Larsson B, Hildingsson I, Sandin-Bojo AK. Prevalence of prolonged latent phase and labor outcomes: review of birth records in a Swedish population. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2018;63(1):33\u201344.","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health"},{"issue":"52","key":"2602_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13901","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013901","volume":"97","author":"H Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen H, Cao L, Cao W, Wang H, Zhu C, Zhou R. Factors affecting labor duration in Chinese pregnant women. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(52):e13901.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2602_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0857-4","volume":"16","author":"GE Hanley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hanley GE, Munro S, Greyson D, Gross MM, Hundley V, Spiby H, Janssen PA. Diagnosing onset of labor: a systematic review of definitions in the research literature. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:71.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2602_CR8","first-page":"135","volume":"17","author":"EA Friedman","year":"1961","unstructured":"Friedman EA, Sachtleben MR. Dysfunctional labor. I. Prolonged latent phase in the nullipara. Obstet Gynecol. 1961;17:135\u201348.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2602_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.127142","volume":"187","author":"J Zhang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhang J, Troendle JF, Yancey MK. Reassessing the labor curve in nulliparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(4):824\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2602_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000444441.04111.1d","volume":"123","author":"American College of O, Gynecologists, Society for Maternal-Fetal M","year":"2014","unstructured":"American College of O, Gynecologists, Society for Maternal-Fetal M. Obstetric care consensus no. 1: safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123(3):693\u2013711.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2602_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487.e1-487.e8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.05.041","volume":"221","author":"Joshua I. Rosenbloom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosenbloom JI, Woolfolk CL, Wan L, Stout MJ, Tuuli MG, Macones GA, Cahill AG. The transition from latent to active labor and adverse obstetrical outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221(5):487.e1\u2013487.e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.05.041.","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR12","first-page":"122 e121","volume":"218","author":"WA Grobman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grobman WA, Bailit J, Lai Y, Reddy UM, Wapner RJ, Varner MW, Thorp JM Jr, Leveno KJ, Caritis SN, Prasad M, et al. Defining failed induction of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(1):122 e121\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2602_CR13","first-page":"486","volume":"81","author":"D Chelmow","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chelmow D, Kilpatrick SJ, Laros RK Jr. Maternal and neonatal outcomes after prolonged latent phase. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81(4):486\u201391.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610120101637","volume":"22","author":"J Maghoma","year":"2002","unstructured":"Maghoma J, Buchmann EJ. Maternal and fetal risks associated with prolonged latent phase of labour. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;22(1):16\u20139.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2602_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-208","volume":"14","author":"H Ulfsdottir","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ulfsdottir H, Nissen E, Ryding EL, Lund-Egloff D, Wiberg-Itzel E. The association between labour variables and primiparous women's experience of childbirth; a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:208.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"10","key":"2602_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12447","volume":"93","author":"E Brane","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brane E, Olsson A, Andolf E. A randomized controlled trial on early induction compared to expectant management of nulliparous women with prolonged latent phases. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014;93(10):1042\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"2602_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486 e481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.03.014","volume":"206","author":"SK Laughon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laughon SK, Zhang J, Grewal J, Sundaram R, Beaver J, Reddy UM. Induction of labor in a contemporary obstetric cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(6):486 e481\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2602_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-8-136","volume":"8","author":"Z Nachum","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nachum Z, Garmi G, Kadan Y, Zafran N, Shalev E, Salim R. Comparison between amniotomy, oxytocin or both for augmentation of labor in prolonged latent phase: a randomized controlled trial. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2010;8:136.","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"14","key":"2602_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2012.722622","volume":"13","author":"JS Hawkins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hawkins JS, Wing DA. Current pharmacotherapy options for labor induction. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2012;13(14):2005\u201314.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"4","key":"2602_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2013.09.001","volume":"4","author":"I Lundgren","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lundgren I, Andren K, Nissen E, Berg M. Care seeking during the latent phase of labour--frequencies and birth outcomes in two delivery wards in Sweden. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2013;4(4):141\u20136.","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Healthc"},{"key":"2602_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-182","volume":"14","author":"PA Janssen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Janssen PA, Weissinger S. Women's perception of pre-hospital labour duration and obstetrical outcomes; a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:182.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"6","key":"2602_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800566","volume":"379","author":"WA Grobman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grobman WA, Rice MM, Reddy UM, Tita ATN, Silver RM, Mallett G, Hill K, Thom EA, El-Sayed YY, Perez-Delboy A, et al. Labor induction versus expectant management in low-Risk Nulliparous women. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(6):513\u201323.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"2602_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199604183341601","volume":"334","author":"ME Hannah","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hannah ME, Ohlsson A, Farine D, Hewson SA, Hodnett ED, Myhr TL, Wang EE, Weston JA, Willan AR. Induction of labor compared with expectant management for prelabor rupture of the membranes at term. TERMPROM study group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(16):1005\u201310.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2602_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01384.x","volume":"114","author":"PC Tan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tan PC, Valiapan SD, Tay PY, Omar SZ. Concurrent oxytocin with dinoprostone pessary versus dinoprostone pessary in labour induction of nulliparas with an unfavourable cervix: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. BJOG. 2007;114(7):824\u201332.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"2602_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2019.07.006","volume":"77","author":"K Angeby","year":"2019","unstructured":"Angeby K, Sandin-Bojo AK, Persenius M, Wilde-Larsson B. Women's labour experiences and quality of care in relation to a prolonged latent phase of labour. Midwifery. 2019;77:155\u201364.","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"3","key":"2602_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2015.02.003","volume":"6","author":"K Angeby","year":"2015","unstructured":"Angeby K, Wilde-Larsson B, Hildingsson I, Sandin-Bojo AK. Primiparous women's preferences for care during a prolonged latent phase of labour. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2015;6(3):145\u201350.","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Healthc"}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-019-2602-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-019-2602-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-019-2602-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:36:25Z","timestamp":1607560585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12884-019-2602-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-019-2602-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of Ethics Committee of University Malaya Medical Centre (Date of approval:25\/02\/2015, Reference: MECID: 20151\u2013971, Reference: NMRR- 15-16-23886 and registered in ISRCTN registry () on 5 November 2015, and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed written consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"493"}}