{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T16:43:45Z","timestamp":1794242625352,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]],"date-time":"2019-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Vitamin A deficiency is known for its adverse health consequences, such as blindness, growth retardation and death. To curb the problem, Ethiopia has implemented various public health measures although little has been done to examine the deficiency among pregnant and lactating women. As a result, this study assessed the prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency and associated factors among pregnant and lactating women in Lay Armachiho district, northwest Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on pregnant and lactating women in Lay Arimachiho district, northwest Ethiopia, using the multistage systematic sampling technique to select participants. The binary logistic regression model was fitted to test the effect of exposure variables, and the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value &lt;\u20090.05 were computed to identify the significance and the strength of the associations of variables with Vitamin A deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study revealed that 13.7% of the pregnant and lactating women had night blindness and 0.4% had also Bitot\u2019s Spot. Over 35\u2009years of age of mothers (AOR\u2009=\u20092.74; 95%CI: 1.15,7.43), less than USD 22.7 household monthly income (AOR\u2009=\u20098.9; 95%CI: 4.54,21.73), and poor hand washing practices after toilets (AOR\u2009=\u20098.87; 95% CI: 4.43,18.68) were positively associated with VAD, while mothers\u2019 access to the media (AOR\u2009=\u20090.20; 95%CI:0.07, 0.59), formal education (AOR\u2009=\u20090.09; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.41), over 18\u2009years of age at first marriage (AOR\u2009=\u20090.19; 95%CI: 0.08,0.36), and no fasting (AOR\u2009=\u20090.14; 95%CI: 0.04,0.46) were negatively associated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Maternal Vitamin A deficiency was the major public health problem in Lay Armachiho district. Over 35\u2009years of age of mothers, less than USD 22.7 household monthly income and poor hand washing practices after toilets were high risks for VAD, while mothers\u2019 access to the media, formal education, over 18\u2009years at first marriage, and no fasting were low risks. Therefore, community awareness about the risk of early marriage, poor hand hygiene practices after toilets, and fasting during pregnancy and lactating period were essential. Organizations working on maternal health need to focus on mothers with low incomes in order to reduce their deficiency in Vitamin A.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2663-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]],"date-time":"2019-12-18T13:02:53Z","timestamp":1576674173000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Clinical vitamin-A deficiency and associated factors among pregnant and lactating women in Northwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Abebaw","family":"Baytekus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amare","family":"Tariku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayal","family":"Debie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2663_CR1","volume-title":"Vitamin A deficiency: health, survival, and vision","author":"K West Jr","year":"1996","unstructured":"West K Jr. Vitamin A deficiency: health, survival, and vision. 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No \/IPH\/2397\/2016. Before communicating the participants\u2019 official permission letter of cooperation was obtained from Amhara National Regional State Health Bureau, North Gondar zonal health department, Lay Armachiho district health office and respective kebeles. Written informed consent was taken from each participants. Each eligible study participant was informed about the purpose and importance of the study. Participants got also the assurance that their name were not written on the questionnaire and confidentiality of the data kept at all levels.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"506"}}