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However, previous studies only focused on demographic and lifestyle factors or genetic factors alone. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to assess the association between\n                      <jats:italic>GC<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene polymorphism, demographics and lifestyle factors with VDD among Malaysian pregnant women.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Information on demographic characteristics, dietary vitamin D intake from supplement and food, time spent outdoors, skin type and clothing were collected using a\u00a0questionnaire. Plasma total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels were measured using an Ultra-High-Performance Liquid\u00a0Chromatography (UHPLC). Maternal\n                      <jats:italic>GC<\/jats:italic>\n                      single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs4588 and rs7041) were determined using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results showed that 50.2% of pregnant women were vitamin D deficient (25OHD &lt;\u200930\u2009nmol\/L). VDD (25OHD &lt;\u200930\u2009nmol\/L) was significantly associated with age, veiled clothing, maternal vitamin D intakes from both food and supplements, and\n                      <jats:italic>GC<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs7041(and\n                      <jats:italic>GC<\/jats:italic>\n                      diplotypes). In contrast to previous studies that reported for non-pregnant population, a\u00a0significant positive association was found between CC genotype for SNP\n                      <jats:italic>GC<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs7041,\n                      <jats:italic>GC<\/jats:italic>\n                      1s\u20131s and\n                      <jats:italic>GC<\/jats:italic>\n                      If-2 with risk of VDD (25OHD &lt;\u200930\u2009nmol\/L).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The high prevalence of maternal VDD found in this study suggests the need for urgent development and implementation of vitamin D supplementation or fortification strategies to reduce VDD among pregnant women. The discrepancy in the association between\n                      <jats:italic>GC<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs7041 gene polymorphism and VDD reflects the variation in the factors associated with VDD in pregnancy compared to non-pregnant state.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03397-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T09:05:23Z","timestamp":1606122323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Influence of vitamin D binding protein polymorphism, demographics and lifestyle factors on vitamin D status of healthy Malaysian pregnant women"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Siew-Siew","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"King-Hwa","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maiza","family":"Tusimin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raman","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kartini Farah","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5609-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su-Peng","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3397_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","volume":"357","author":"MF Holick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holick MF. 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