{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:42:12Z","timestamp":1768567332976,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Preeclampsia is a well-known cause of maternal mortality and morbidity in Ethiopia. The exact pathophysiology has not been fully understood. Calcium and magnesium deficiencies have been given emphasis to play roles in the pathophysiology. Although evidence is abundant, they are equivocal. The study aimed to see the association of dietary calcium intake, serum total calcium level and ionized calcium level with preeclampsia. It also evaluated the association between dietary calcium intake and serum calcium levels.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>An unmatched case\u2013control study was conducted in Gandhi Memorial, Tikur Anbessa, and Zewditu Memorial Hospitals, all in Addis Ababa, between October to December, 2019. Cases were 42 women with preeclampsia and controls were 42 normotensive women. The medical and obstetric history was gathered using a structured questionnaire and the dietary calcium intake information using a 24-h dietary recall. The serum levels of total serum calcium and ionized (free) calcium were measured using an inductively coupled mass spectrophotometer. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression and Pearson correlation test were utilized during data analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In comparison with controls, women with preeclampsia had lower mean (\u00b1\u20091SD) levels of ionized calcium level (1.1\u00a0mmol\/l\u2009\u00b1\u20090.11), total serum calcium level (1.99\u00a0mmol\/l\u2009\u00b1\u20090.35) and lower median (IQR) dietary calcium intake (704\u00a0mg\/24\u00a0h,458\u20131183). The odds of having preeclampsia was almost eight times greater in those participants with low serum ionized calcium level (OR 7.5, 95% CI 2.388\u201323.608) and three times higher in those with low total serum calcium level (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.024\u20139.370). Low dietary calcium intake also showed statistically significant association with preeclampsia (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.092 -10.723). Serum ionized calcium level and total serum calcium level showed positive correlation of moderate strength (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.307), but no correlation was found between dietary calcium intake with both forms of serum calcium levels.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study showed significant association between low dietary calcium intake and low serum calcium levels with preeclampsia, hence this can be used as a supportive local evidence for the current context-specific recommendation of calcium supplementation in societies with low-dietary calcium consumption in an attempt to prevent preeclampsia, therefore implementation study should be considered in Ethiopia to look for the feasibility of routine supplementation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04005-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T10:03:28Z","timestamp":1627380208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Association of dietary calcium intake, total and ionized serum calcium levels with preeclampsia in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Rahel D.","family":"Gebreyohannes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wondimu","family":"Ayele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahizechukwu C.","family":"Eke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"4005_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for prevention of pre-eclampsia and its complications. [www.who.int]. 2018 (https:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/publications\/guidelines\/calcium-supplementation-recommendation-2018\/en\/). Accessed 3 Oct 2020."},{"key":"4005_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12802","volume":"145","author":"LC Poon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Poon LC, Shennan A, Hyett JA, Kapur A, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre-eclampsia: a pragmatic guide for first-trimester screening and prevention. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2019;145:1\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"4005_CR3","first-page":"CD001059","volume":"10","author":"G Hofmeyr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hofmeyr G, Lawrie TA, Atallah \u00c1N, Torloni M. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. 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Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2015;4(1):30\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04005-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04005-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04005-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T10:05:34Z","timestamp":1627380334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04005-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04005-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance was found from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences. Detailed participant information sheet was provided and written informed consent was obtained. Laboratory calcium results were communicated to the participants and their managing physicians, and attached to their medical record. In cases of abnormal serum calcium results, PI made sure participants got appropriate care and treatment. Blood samples were discarded after the completion of data collection as per the standard guideline used by the laboratory.All the experiment protocol for involving humans was in accordance to guidelines of national\/international\/institutional or Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent for publication was obtained from participants of the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have declared no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"532"}}