{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T03:56:25Z","timestamp":1794023785992,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common social health problem that affects not only the mother and newborn, but extends to other family members as well as various aspects of their lives. This systematic review and meta\u2013analysis aims to identify the prevalence and risk factors of postpartum among the women in Middle East countries.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We searched published articles from Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane electronic databases to establish study articles. Articles regarding postpartum depression prevalence and associated factors among women in the Middle East were included in this systematic review and meta\u2013analysis. A random\u2013effect model was used for estimation of pooled postpartum depression prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and forest plot. Presence of heterogeneity was checked by Cochran's (Q) test, and funnel plots and Egger\u2019s statistical tests were used to assess publication bias.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 15 studies were included in this systematic review. The studies were conducted in different countries of the Middle East between 2006 and 2020, nine of the included studies were cross\u2013sectional studies and six were cohort studies. The overall pooled estimate of the prevalence of postpartum depression in the Middle East mothers was very high 27% (95% CI 0.19\u20130.35). The common risk factors reported based on our review were poor economic, pregnancy associated complications, low education, unplanned pregnancy, housewife, inadequate social support from family members and the feeding by formula. Poor economic and complication during pregnancy presented a significant relationship regarding postpartum depression in meta\u2013analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of postpartum depression in the Middle East was higher than other regions of the world. In response to this, we recommend an increase of routine screening for depression during postpartum in this area. Furthermore, it might be necessary to integrate mental health with maternal health care in clinical practice during the postpartum.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04016-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T11:02:51Z","timestamp":1628247771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta\u2013analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hoda","family":"Alshikh Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asem","family":"Alkhatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayou","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"4016_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.7.805","volume":"65","author":"O Vesga-L\u00f3pez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vesga-L\u00f3pez O, Blanco C, Keyes K, Olfson M, Grant BF, Hasin DS. Psychiatric Disorders in Pregnant and Postpartum Women in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(7):805\u201315.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"4016_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox JL, Murray D,Chapman G. A controlled study of the onset, duration and prevalence of. Brit J Psychiatry 1993;163(27\u00e2):31.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.163.1.27"},{"key":"4016_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'hara MW, McCabe JE. Postpartum Depression: Current Status and Future Directions. Ann Review Clin Psychol 2013;9(1):379\u2013407.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612"},{"issue":"4","key":"4016_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2017.04.006","volume":"31","author":"NK \u00d6zcan","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u00d6zcan NK, Boyac\u0131o\u011flu NE, Din\u00e7 H. Postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors in Turkey: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2017;31(4):420\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"4016_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'hara MW, Swain AM. Rates and risk of postpartum depression\u2014a meta-analysis. Int Review Psychiatry 1996;8(1):37\u201354.","DOI":"10.3109\/09540269609037816"},{"key":"4016_CR6","unstructured":"Nonacs R. Post psychiatric syndrome. Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry 2000."},{"key":"4016_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathers C, Loncar D. Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Medicine 2006;3(11):e442.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030442"},{"issue":"1","key":"4016_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-015-9367-1","volume":"87","author":"O Evagorou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Evagorou O, Arvaniti A, Samakouri M. Cross-cultural approach of postpartum depression: manifestation, practices applied, risk factors and therapeutic interventions. Psychiatr Q. 2016;87(1):129\u201354.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"issue":"4","key":"4016_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.033","volume":"200","author":"T Pearlstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C. Postpartum depression. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(4):357\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"4016_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2005.12.051","volume":"91","author":"U Halbreich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Halbreich U, Karkun S. Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2006;91(2\u20133):97\u2013111.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"4016_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.105409","volume":"182","author":"GG Evins","year":"2000","unstructured":"Evins GG, Theofrastous JP, Galvin SL. Postpartum depression: A comparison of screening and routine clinical evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182(5):1080\u20132.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4016_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90296-1","volume":"173","author":"ZN Stowe","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stowe ZN, Nemeroff CB. Women at risk for postpartum-onset major depression. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173(2):639\u201345.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4016_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.21919","volume":"41","author":"KI Mohammad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohammad KI, Abu Awad D, Creedy DK, Gamble J. Postpartum depression symptoms among Syrian refugee women living in Jordan. Res Nurs Health. 2018;41(6):519\u201324.","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4016_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2685-9","volume":"19","author":"M Roumieh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roumieh M, Bashour H, Kharouf M, Chaikha S. Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression among women seen at Primary Health Care Centres in Damascus. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):519.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"5","key":"4016_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200109000-00004","volume":"50","author":"CT Beck","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beck CT. Predictors of postpartum depression: an update. Nurs Res. 2001;50(5):275\u201385.","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4016_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-018-0843-0","volume":"22","author":"L James-Hawkins","year":"2019","unstructured":"James-Hawkins L, Shaltout E, Abdi-Nur A, Nasrallah C, Qutteina Y, Abdul Rahim HF, et al. Human and economic resources for empowerment and pregnancy-related mental health in the Arab Middle East: A systematic review. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2019;22(1):1\u201314.","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"4016_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5985","DOI":"10.19082\/5985","volume":"9","author":"F Zaheri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zaheri F, Nasab LH, Ranaei F, Shahoei R. The relationship between quality of life after childbirth and the childbirth method in nulliparous women referred to healthcare centers in Sanandaj. Iran Electronic Physician. 2017;9(12):5985.","journal-title":"Iran Electronic Physician"},{"key":"4016_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad NA, Silim UA, Rosman A, Mohamed M, Chan YY, Kasim NM, et al. Postnatal depression and intimate partner violence: a nationwide clinic-based cross-sectional study in Malaysia. BMJ Open 2018;8(5).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020649"},{"key":"4016_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azad R, Fahmi R, Shrestha S, Joshi H, Hasan M, Khan A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression within one year after birth in urban slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh. PloS one 2019; 14(5): p. e0215735.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215735"},{"key":"4016_CR20","volume-title":"Postpartum depression: An overview of treatment and prevention","author":"E Corey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Corey E, Thapa S. Postpartum depression: An overview of treatment and prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization. Department of Reproductive Health and Research; 2011."},{"issue":"7507","key":"4016_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7507.15","volume":"331","author":"CL Dennis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dennis CL. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for prevention of postnatal depression: systematic review. BMJ. 2005;331(7507):15.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"4016_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2019.1578779","volume":"41","author":"P Afshari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Afshari P, Tadayon M, Abedi P, Yazdizadeh S. Prevalence and related factors of postpartum depression among reproductive aged women in Ahvaz. Iran Health care for women international. 2020;41(3):255\u201365.","journal-title":"Iran Health care for women international"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"4016_CR23","first-page":"S216","volume":"57","author":"S Rai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rai S, Pathak A, Sharma I. Postpartum psychiatric disorders: Early diagnosis and management. Indian J Psychiatry. 2015;57(Suppl 2):S216.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4016_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Nasr RS, Altharwi K, Derbah MS, Gharibo SO, Fallatah SA, Alotaibi SG, et al. Prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A cross sectional study. PloS one 2020;15(2):e0228666.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228666"},{"key":"4016_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.041","volume":"175","author":"MN Norhayati","year":"2015","unstructured":"Norhayati MN, Nik Hazlina NH, Asrenee AR, Wan Emilind WM. Magnitude and risk factors for postpartum symptoms: A literature review. J Affect Disord. 2015;175:34\u201352.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4016_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.01.019","volume":"282","author":"C Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li C, Huo L, Wang R, Qig F, Wang W, Zhou X, et al. The prevalence and risk factors of depression in prenatal and postnatal women in China with the outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019. J Affect Disord. 2021;282:1203\u20139.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4016_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang P, Wang Y, Shi S, Liu Y, Xiong R. Prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among women in Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2020;20(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02969-3"},{"key":"4016_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng X, Li W, Sun H, Luo X, Garg S, Liu T, et al. Mental health outcomes in perinatal women during the remission phase of COVID-19 in China. Frontiers in psychiatry 2020;11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.571876"},{"key":"4016_CR29","unstructured":"Duran ES, Dang D, Ogburn T. Comparing the trends of postpartum depression screening scores during and before the COVID-19 pandemic 2021; MEDI 9331 Scholarly Activities Clinical Years."},{"key":"4016_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shorey S, Chee CY, Debby Ng, Chan YH, Tam WW, Chong YS. Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatric Res 2018;104:235\u201348.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001"},{"issue":"10","key":"4016_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006","volume":"62","author":"A Liberati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liberati A, Altman D, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, G\u00f8tzsche P, Ioannidis J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):e1\u201334.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4016_CR32","unstructured":"Moola S, Munn Z, Tufanaru C, Aromataris E, Sears K, Sfetcu R, et al. Chapter 7: Systematic reviews of etiology and risk. Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer's Manual. The Joanna Briggs Institute 2017;5."},{"issue":"7414","key":"4016_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Decks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557\u201360.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4016_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iranpour S, Kheirabadi G, Esmaillzadeh A, Heidari-Beni M, Maracy M. Association between sleep quality and postpartum depression. J Res Med Sci. 2016;21.","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.193500"},{"issue":"1","key":"4016_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/jcr.2016.0008","volume":"7","author":"S Iranpour","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iranpour S, Kheirabadi G, Esmaillzadeh A, Heidari-Beni M, Maracy M. Association between caffeine consumption during pregnancy and postpartum depression: a population-based study. J Caffeine Res. 2017;7(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"J Caffeine Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"4016_CR36","first-page":"2038","volume":"6","author":"G Ozgur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ozgur G, Atan SU, Ardahan M. Postpartum depression among working and non-working women in Denizli. Turkey Healthmed. 2012;6(6):2038\u201346.","journal-title":"Turkey Healthmed"},{"key":"4016_CR37","unstructured":"Leitch S. Postpartum depression: A review of the literature. St. Thomas, Ontario: Elgin-St. Thomas Health Unit, 2002."},{"key":"4016_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baxter AJ, Patton G, Scott KM, Degenhardt L, Harvey A. Whitefordet H. Global epidemiology of mental disorders: what are we missing? PloS one 2013;8(6):e65514.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065514"},{"issue":"6","key":"4016_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.152.6.799","volume":"152","author":"PJ Cooper","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cooper PJ, Campbell EA, Kennerley H, Bond A. Non-psychotic psychiatric disorder after childbirth: a prospective study of prevalence, incidence, course and nature. Br J Psychiatry. 1988;152(6):799\u2013806.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4016_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Hara MW, Neunaber DJ, Zekoski EM. Prospective study of postpartum depression: prevalence, course, and predictive factors. J Abnorm Psychol. 1984;93(2):158.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.93.2.158"},{"issue":"1","key":"4016_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.v01n0103","volume":"1","author":"C Andrews-Fike","year":"1999","unstructured":"Andrews-Fike C. A review of postpartum depression. Primary Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;1(1):9.","journal-title":"Primary Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"4016_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2013.12.009","volume":"55","author":"HP Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang HP, Chen JY, Huang YH, Tyan JY, Yeh CJ, Su PH, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms in mothers with infants or toddlers. Pediatr Neonatol. 2014;55(6):470\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4016_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/1355785032000136416","volume":"8","author":"R Small","year":"2003","unstructured":"Small R, Lumley J, Yelland J. Cross-cultural experiences of maternal depression: associations and contributing factors for Vietnamese, Turkish and Filipino immigrant women in Victoria Australia. Ethnicity Health. 2003;8(3):189\u2013206.","journal-title":"Ethnicity Health"},{"key":"4016_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woolhouse H, Gartland D, Mensah F, Brown SJ. Maternal depression from early pregnancy to 4 years postpartum in a prospective pregnancy cohort study: implications for primary health care. BJOG. 2015;122(3):312\u201321.","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12837"},{"issue":"5","key":"4016_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00337.x","volume":"110","author":"CL Dennis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dennis CL, Janssen PA, Singer J. Identifying women at-risk for postpartum depression in the immediate postpartum period. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;110(5):338\u201346.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"4016_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.039370","volume":"60","author":"JW Rich-Edwards","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rich-Edwards JW, Kleinman K, Abrams A, Harlow B, McLaughlin T, Joffe H, et al. Sociodemographic predictors of antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms among women in a medical group practice. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(3):221\u20137.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"4016_CR47","first-page":"145","volume":"50","author":"A G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f","year":"2012","unstructured":"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f A, Keskin G, Alp N, \u00d6zyar S, Karsak A. The prevalence of postpartum depression and associated variables. New Sympos J. 2012;50:145\u201355.","journal-title":"New Sympos J"},{"key":"4016_CR48","first-page":"105","volume":"1","author":"S Ta\u015fdemir","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ta\u015fdemir S, Kaplan S, Bahar A. Determination of the affecting factors of postpartum depression. F\u0131rat Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmetleri Dergisi. 2006;1:105\u201318.","journal-title":"F\u0131rat Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmetleri Dergisi"},{"key":"4016_CR49","unstructured":"Mills E. Depression, anxiety and childbirth depression. Anxiety & Childbirth http:\/\/www.pndsa.co.za\/research.htm.(30 Ekim 2008\u2019de ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131)."},{"issue":"2","key":"4016_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1624\/105812410X495523","volume":"19","author":"J DeVito","year":"2010","unstructured":"DeVito J. How adolescent mothers feel about becoming a parent. J Perinat Educ. 2010;19(2):25.","journal-title":"J Perinat Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4016_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-15-1","volume":"15","author":"M Watts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Watts M, Liamputtong P, Mcmichael C. Early motherhood: A qualitative study exploring the experiences of African Australian teenage mothers in greater Melbourne Australia. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4016_CR52","first-page":"99","volume":"85","author":"E Mills","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mills E, Finchilescu G, Lea S. Postnatal depression-An examination of psychosocial factors. S Afr Med J. 1995;85(2):99\u2013105.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4016_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-011-0216-4","volume":"14","author":"S Glasser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Glasser S, Stoski E, Kneler V, Magnezi R. Postpartum depression among Israeli Bedouin women. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2011;14(3):203\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"4016_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.01.029","volume":"138","author":"A Prost","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prost A, Lakshminarayana R, Nair N, Tripathy P, Copas A, Mahapatra R, et al. Predictors of maternal psychological distress in rural India: A cross-sectional community-based study. J Affect Disord. 2012;138(3):277\u201386.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4016_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caropreso L, Cardoso T, Eltayebani M, Frey B. Preeclampsia as a risk factor for postpartum depression and psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives Women's Mental Health 2019. p.\u00a01\u201313.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-019-01010-1"},{"key":"4016_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blom EA, Jansen PW, Verhulst FC, Hofman A, Raat H, Jaddoe V, et al. Perinatal complications increase the risk of postpartum depression. The Generation R Study. BJOG 2010;117(11):1390\u20138.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02660.x"},{"key":"4016_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shivalli S, Gururaj N. Postnatal depression among rural women in South India: do socio-demographic, obstetric and pregnancy outcome have a role to play? PLoS One 2015;10(4):e0122079.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122079"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"4016_CR58","first-page":"29","volume":"59","author":"LL Altshuler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Altshuler LL, Hendrick V, Cohen LS. Course of mood and anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(Suppl 2):29\u201333.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"4016_CR59","first-page":"479","volume":"6","author":"K Beydag","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beydag K. Adaptation to motherhood in the postpartum period and the nurse\u2019s role. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2007;6(6):479\u201384.","journal-title":"TAF Prev Med Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"4016_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-012-0274-2","volume":"15","author":"SM Haga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haga SM, Ulleberg P, Slinning K, Kraft P, Steen T, Staff A. A longitudinal study of postpartum depressive symptoms: multilevel growth curve analyses of emotion regulation strategies, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and social support. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2012;15(3):175\u201384.","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"4016_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500600678164","volume":"11","author":"K Green","year":"2006","unstructured":"Green K, Broome H, Mirabella J. Postnatal depression among mothers in the United Arab Emirates: socio-cultural and physical factors. Psychol Health Med. 2006;11(4):425\u201331.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"4016_CR62","first-page":"377","volume":"12","author":"M Dolatian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dolatian M, Hesami K, Shams J, Majd H. Relationship between violence during pregnancy and postpartum depression. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2010;12:377\u201383.","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4016_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-010-0189-8","volume":"14","author":"A Hamdan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamdan A, Tamim H. Psychosocial risk and protective factors for postpartum depression in the United Arab Emirates. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2011;14(2):125\u201333.","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"4016_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1208-88","volume":"43","author":"D Akta\u015f","year":"2013","unstructured":"Akta\u015f D, Terzio\u011flu F. Occurrence of depression during the postpartum period and risk factors that affect the development of the depression. Turkish J Med Sci. 2013;43(5):843\u201350.","journal-title":"Turkish J Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4016_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2014.49","volume":"29","author":"FI Al Hinai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al Hinai FI, Al Hinai SS. Prospective study on prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in Al-dakhliya governorate in oman. Oman Med J. 2014;29(3):198.","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"4016_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.12968\/bjom.2012.20.6.419","volume":"20","author":"M Rouhi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rouhi M, Yousefi H. Ethnicity as a risk factor for postpartum depression. Br J Midwifery. 2012;20(6):419\u201326.","journal-title":"Br J Midwifery"},{"issue":"2","key":"4016_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3109\/0167482X.2013.786036","volume":"34","author":"F Burgut","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgut F, Bener A, Ghuloum S, Sheikh J. A study of postpartum depression and maternal risk factors in Qatar. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2013;34(2):90\u20137.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4016_CR68","first-page":"280","volume":"13","author":"N Ezzeddin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ezzeddin N, Jahanihashemi H, Zavoshy R, Noroozi M. The prevalence of postpartum depression and its association with food insecurity among mothers referring to community health centers. Iran J Psychiatry. 2018;13(4):280.","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4016_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moradi F, Azami H, Hemmatpour B, Jamasbi M, Farahmand N, kermani S, et al. Factors Related to Postpartum Depression in Mothers Referred to Kermanshah Health Centers, Iran. J Clin Diagnostic Res 2020;14(5).","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2020\/43450.13726"},{"key":"4016_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shwartz N, O\u2019Rourke N, Daoud N. Pathways linking intimate partner violence and postpartum depression among Jewish and Arab women in Israel. J Interpersonal Violence 2020; p. 0886260520908022.","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520908022"}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04016-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04016-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04016-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,5]],"date-time":"2023-02-05T14:04:35Z","timestamp":1675605875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04016-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04016-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Authors have no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"542"}}