{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T05:58:59Z","timestamp":1782626339395,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There is still no worldwide agreement on the best diagnostic thresholds to define gestational diabetes (GDM) or the optimal approach for identifying women with GDM. Should all pregnant women perform an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or can easily available maternal characteristics, such as age, BMI and ethnicity, indicate which women to test? The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of GDM by three diagnostic criteria and the predictive accuracy of commonly used risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We merged data from four Norwegian cohorts (2002\u20132013), encompassing 2981 women with complete results from a universally offered OGTT. Prevalences were estimated based on the following diagnostic criteria: <jats:sub>1999<\/jats:sub>WHO (fasting plasma glucose (FPG) \u22657.0 or 2-h glucose \u22657.8\u2009mmol\/L), <jats:sub>2013<\/jats:sub>WHO (FPG \u22655.1 or 2-h glucose \u22658.5\u2009mmol\/L), and <jats:sub>2017<\/jats:sub>Norwegian (FPG \u22655.3 or 2-h glucose \u22659\u2009mmol\/L). Multiple logistic regression models examined associations between GDM and maternal factors. We applied the <jats:sub>2013<\/jats:sub>WHO and <jats:sub>2017<\/jats:sub>Norwegian criteria to evaluate the performance of different thresholds of age and BMI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of GDM was 10.7, 16.9 and 10.3%, applying the <jats:sub>1999<\/jats:sub>WHO, <jats:sub>2013<\/jats:sub>WHO, and the <jats:sub>2017<\/jats:sub>Norwegian criteria, respectively, but was higher for women with non-European background when compared to European women (14.5 vs 10.2%, 37.7 vs 13.8% and 27.0 vs 7.8%). While advancing age and elevated BMI increased the risk of GDM, no risk factors, isolated or in combination, could identify more than 80% of women with GDM by the latter two diagnostic criteria, unless at least 70\u201380% of women were offered an OGTT. Using the <jats:sub>2017<\/jats:sub>Norwegian criteria, the combination \u201cage\u226525 years or BMI\u226525 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u201d achieved the highest sensitivity (96.5%) with an OGTT required for 93% of European women. The predictive accuracy of risk factors for identifying GDM was even lower for non-European women.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of GDM was similar using the <jats:sub>1999<\/jats:sub>WHO and <jats:sub>2017<\/jats:sub>Norwegian criteria, but substantially higher with the <jats:sub>2013<\/jats:sub>WHO criteria, in particular for ethnic non-European women. Using clinical risk factors such as age and BMI is a poor pre-diagnostic screening method, as this approach failed to identify a substantial proportion of women with GDM unless at least 70\u201380% were tested.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04086-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T16:03:01Z","timestamp":1631116981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Identifying women with gestational diabetes based on maternal characteristics: an analysis of four Norwegian prospective studies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Anam Shakil","family":"Rai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Line","family":"Sletner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Karen","family":"Jenum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina Cecilie","family":"\u00d8verby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Signe Nilssen","family":"Stafne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tove","family":"Lekva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Are Hugo","family":"Pripp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda Reme","family":"Sagedal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"4086_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-S002","volume":"41","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2018","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical Care in Diabetes\u20142018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Supplement 1):S13\u201327.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"4086_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12645","volume":"19","author":"C Song","year":"2018","unstructured":"Song C, Lyu Y, Li C, Liu P, Li J, Ma RC, et al. Long-term risk of diabetes in women at varying durations after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis with more than 2 million women. Obes Rev. 2018;19(3):421\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12645.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"24","key":"4086_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042973","volume":"352","author":"CA Crowther","year":"2005","unstructured":"Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, McPhee AJ, Jeffries WS, Robinson JS, et al. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. New Engl J Med. 2005;352(24):2477\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa042973.","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"4086_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2016.04.003","volume":"201","author":"K Benhalima","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benhalima K, Mathieu C, Assche A, Damm P, Devlieger R, Mahmood T, et al. Survey by the European board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology on screening for gestational diabetes in Europe. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;201:197\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2016.04.003.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"19","key":"4086_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","volume":"358","author":"BE Metzger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, Trimble ER, Chaovarindr U, Coustan DR, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(19):1991\u20132002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"mar11 6","key":"4086_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g1567","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1567","volume":"348","author":"T Cundy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cundy T, Ackermann E, Ryan EA. Gestational diabetes: new criteria may triple the prevalence but effect on outcomes is unclear. BMJ. 2014;348(mar11 6):g1567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.g1567.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"4086_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marozio L, Picardo E, Filippini C, Mainolfi E, Berchialla P, Cavallo F, et al. Maternal age over 40 years and pregnancy outcome: a hospital-based survey. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(10):1602\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2017.1410793.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1410793"},{"issue":"4","key":"4086_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175288","volume":"12","author":"D Farrar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farrar D, Simmonds M, Bryant M, Lawlor DA, Dunne F, Tuffnell D, et al. Risk factor screening to identify women requiring oral glucose tolerance testing to diagnose gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis and analysis of two pregnancy cohorts. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175288.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"4086_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810378921","volume":"38","author":"AK Jenum","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jenum AK, Sletner L, Voldner N, Vangen S, M\u00f8rkrid K, Andersen LF, et al. The STORK Groruddalen research programme: a population-based cohort study of gestational diabetes, physical activity, and obesity in pregnancy in a multiethnic population. Rationale, methods, study population, and participation rates. Scand J Public Health. 2010;38(5 Suppl):60\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1403494810378921.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"4086_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-6","volume":"13","author":"KF Fr\u00f8slie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fr\u00f8slie KF, R\u00f8islien J, Qvigstad E, Godang K, Bollerslev J, Voldner N, et al. Shape information from glucose curves: functional data analysis compared with traditional summary measures. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13:6.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4086_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-132","volume":"13","author":"LR Sagedal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sagedal LR, \u00d8verby NC, Lohne-Seiler H, Bere E, Torstveit MK, Henriksen T, et al. Study protocol: fit for delivery - can a lifestyle intervention in pregnancy result in measurable health benefits for mothers and newborns? A randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-13-132.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4086_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182393f86","volume":"119","author":"SN Stafne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stafne SN, Salvesen K\u00c5, Romundstad PR, Eggeb\u00f8 TM, Carlsen SM, M\u00f8rkved S. Regular exercise during pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(1):29\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182393f86.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"4086_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429492259","volume-title":"Flexible imputation of missing data","author":"S Van Buuren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Buuren S. Flexible imputation of missing data. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall\/CRC; 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9780429492259.","edition":"2"},{"key":"4086_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77244-8","volume-title":"Clinical prediction models","author":"EW Steyerberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steyerberg EW. Clinical prediction models. New York: Springer-Verlag New York; 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-77244-8."},{"issue":"2","key":"4086_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.003","volume":"103","author":"L Guariguata","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guariguata L, Linnenkamp U, Beagley J, Whiting DR, Cho NH. Global estimates of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103(2):176\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.003.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"4086_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.03.030","volume":"129","author":"CE Eades","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eades CE, Cameron DM, Evans JMM. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Europe: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;129:173\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.03.030.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"4086_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2393","volume":"41","author":"HD McIntyre","year":"2018","unstructured":"McIntyre HD, Jensen DM, Jensen RC, Kyhl HB, Jensen TK, Glintborg D, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus: does one size fit all? A challenge to uniform worldwide diagnostic thresholds. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(7):1339\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc17-2393.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"4086_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0759","volume":"170","author":"B Pintaudi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pintaudi B, Di Vieste G, Corrado F, Lucisano G, Pellegrini F, Giunta L, et al. Improvement of selective screening strategy for gestational diabetes through a more accurate definition of high-risk groups. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170(1):87\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-13-0759.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"4086_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2016.04.002","volume":"201","author":"K Benhalima","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benhalima K, Damm P, Van Assche A, Mathieu C, Devlieger R, Mahmood T, et al. Screening for gestational diabetes in Europe: where do we stand and how to move forward?: a scientific paper commissioned by the European board &amp; College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (EBCOG). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;201:192\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2016.04.002.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"4086_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(15)30033-3","volume":"131","author":"M Hod","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hod M, Kapur A, Sacks DA, Hadar E, Agarwal M, Di Renzo GC, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: a pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;131(Suppl 3):S173\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-7292(15)30033-3.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"4086_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"152","author":"TJ Matthews","year":"2014","unstructured":"Matthews TJ, Hamilton BE. First births to older women continue to rise. NCHS Data Brief. 2014;152:1\u20138.","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"issue":"2","key":"4086_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2188","volume":"40","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhou Q, Wang Q, Shen H, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Li X. Prevalence of diabetes and regional differences in Chinese women planning pregnancy: a Nationwide population-based cross-sectional study. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(2):e16\u2013e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-2188.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"4086_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3383","volume":"99","author":"E Cosson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cosson E, Cussac-Pillegand C, Benbara A, Pharisien I, Jaber Y, Banu I, et al. The diagnostic and prognostic performance of a selective screening strategy for gestational diabetes mellitus according to ethnicity in Europe. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(3):996\u20131005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2013-3383.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"4086_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2669","volume":"36","author":"GE Avalos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Avalos GE, Owens LA, Dunne F, Collaborators AD. Applying current screening tools for gestational diabetes mellitus to a European population: is it time for change? Diabetes Care. 2013;36(10):3040\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc12-2669.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"4086_CR25","first-page":"266","volume":"96","author":"D Arora","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arora D, Arora R, Sangthong S, Leelaporn W, Sangratanathongchai J. Universal screening of gestational diabetes mellitus: prevalence and diagnostic value of clinical risk factors. J Med Assoc Thail. 2013;96(3):266\u201371.","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thail"},{"issue":"4","key":"4086_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aoa.0000389610.71133.ee","volume":"30","author":"MB Landon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Landon MB, Spong CY, Thom E, Carpenter MW, Ramin SM, Casey B, et al. A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. Obstet Anesth Dig. 2010;30(4):232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.aoa.0000389610.71133.ee.","journal-title":"Obstet Anesth Dig"},{"issue":"2","key":"4086_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-2-201307160-00661","volume":"159","author":"L Hartling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hartling L, Dryden DM, Guthrie A, Muise M, Vandermeer B, Donovan L. Benefits and harms of treating gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis for the U.S. preventive services task force and the National Institutes of Health Office of medical applications of research. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(2):123\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-159-2-201307160-00661.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4086_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30346-2","volume":"7","author":"Y Xin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xin Y, Davies A, McCombie L, Briggs A, Messow CM, Grieve E, et al. Within-trial cost and 1-year cost-effectiveness of the DiRECT\/counterweight-plus weight-management programme to achieve remission of type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(3):169\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30346-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4086_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3761","volume":"100","author":"VR Aroda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aroda VR, Christophi CA, Edelstein SL, Zhang P, Herman WH, Barrett-Connor E, et al. The effect of lifestyle intervention and metformin on preventing or delaying diabetes among women with and without gestational diabetes: the diabetes prevention program outcomes study 10-year follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(4):1646\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2014-3761.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"4086_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.1795","volume":"174","author":"W Bao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bao W, Tobias DK, Bowers K, Chavarro J, Vaag A, Grunnet LG, et al. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors associated with risk of progression from gestational diabetes mellitus to type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(7):1047\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.1795.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"4086_CR31","unstructured":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health The Medical Birth Registry of Norway - statistics. F18a: Mors f\u00f8deland, 2018, [Mothers country of birth]. Available online at: http:\/\/statistikkbank.fhi.no\/mfr\/ (Accessed 10th May 2021)."},{"key":"4086_CR32","unstructured":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health The Medical Birth Registry of Norway - statistics. F18a: Mors kroppsmasseindeks f\u00f8r svangerskapet, 2018 [Mothers body mass index pre pregnancy]. Available online at: http:\/\/statistikkbank.fhi.no\/mfr\/ (Accessed 3 Jan 2021)."}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04086-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04086-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04086-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T16:03:26Z","timestamp":1631117006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04086-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04086-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants in the original studies. Norwegian Regional Ethics committees (REC) approved that each constituent study could contribute to the consortium, and the current study was approved by the REC South East (2017\/2533). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Privacy and confidentiality were maintained throughout the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"615"}}